DEAR FRIENDS DEAR BRUDERS PALM SANDAY MASS MEDIA+WORLD GLOBAL PIOPLE GOSPELS What is Palm Sunday? Bible Story and Meaning TodayЕвангелие от Иоанна7 aAnd brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they set him thereon.
8 And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way.
9 And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, aHosanna to the Son of David: bBlessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest.
10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, Who is this?
…включенный
прич
included
внесенный
incorporated
integrated
Предпринима́тельство, предпринимательская деятельность — самостоятельная, осуществляемая на свой риск деятельность, направленная на систематическое получение прибыли от пользования имуществом, продажи товаров, выполнения работ или оказания услуг
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Предпринимательство — Википедия
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Предпринимательство — Википедия
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Предпринима́тельство — осуществляемая на свой риск деятельность, направленная на систематическое получение прибыли от владения имуществом, продажи товаров...
РКН: иностранный владелец ресурса нарушает закон РФ
Предпринимательская деятельность и её формы...
foxford.ru›Обществознание›Предпринимательская деятельность и её формы
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3) Финансовое предпринимательство представляет собой особый вид предпринимательства, в котором в качестве предмета купли-продажи выступают... Читать ещёРодной язык — Википедия
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Родно́й язы́к — одно из важнейших понятий социолингвистики и этнологии, которое в настоящее время приобрело междисциплинарный статус.
Язык, усвоенный без...Функционально первый язык
РКН: иностранный владелец ресурса нарушает закон РФ
Родной язык - читайте бесплатно в онлайн энциклопедии...
znanierussia.ru›articles/Родной_языкRCN: the foreign owner of the resource violates the law of the Russian Federation
Native language - read for free in the online encyclopedia...Native language — Wikipedia
ru.wikipedia.org "Native language
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Native language is one of the most important concepts of sociolinguistics and ethnology, which has now acquired an interdisciplinary status.
A language learned without...Functionally the first language
RCN: the foreign owner of the resource violates the law of the Russian Federation
znanierussia.ru "articles/Native language
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The term "native language" is sometimes also used in the meaning of "the language of an ethnic group", the language of a person's self-identification, while the level of proficiency in such a language can... Read more
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Термин «родной язык» иногда также используется в значении «язык этноса», язык самоидентификации человека, при этом уровень владения таким языком может... Читать ещё
сущ мужской род
state exam
national exam
государственный экзамен,
национальный экзамен
unified state exam
единый государственный ыстрый ответ
Вот некоторые предметы школьной программы:
Словарь
государственная регистрация
сущ
state registration
государственный учетбизнес
сущ
business
biz
деловой
businessman
бизнесмен
Примеры
He's partial to them himself - but business comes first, as you might say.
Он к ним тоже неравнодушен - но, как говорится, бизнес прежде всего.предприниматель
сущ
businessman
enterpriser
бизнесмен
entrepreneur
employer
owner
антрепренер
предпринимательство
сущ
business
entrepreneurship
enterprise
бизнес
предприимчивость
enterprising
entrepreneurial
предприимчивость
business undertaking
Примеры
Business picked up and prices began to rise.успешно
нареч
successfully
effectively
efficiently
удачно
эффективно
succesfully
happily
счастливо
успешный
прил
successful
prosperous
удачный
благополучный
success
succeed
Примеры
"Well, that's one stage successfully carried through.
- Прекрасно, еще один этап успешно пройден.
Оживилось предпринимательство, начали расти цены
работодатель
Математические: математика (алгебра и геометрия), информатика.
Естественные: природоведение (окружающий мир), география, биология, астрономия, физика, химия, естествознание.
Гуманитарные: история, обществознание.
Филологические: письмо (чистописание), русский язык, чтение, литература.
Трудовое обучение: труд (технология), черчение.
Искусство: музыка (пение), рисование, мировая художественная культура.
Физкультура: весь период обучения (11 лет).отражение
сущ
reflection
reflexion
refection
рефлексия
reflex
рефлекс
mirror
зеркало
Примеры
Some kind of strange reflection?идея
сущ
idea
concept
notion
thought
мысль
концепция
понятие
message
сообщение
insight
понимание
Примеры
"Splendid idea-but your things-these shoes and dress are for evening."
- Блестящая идея... но твои вещи... вечернее платье, туфли...цвет
сущ
color
colour
colors
colored
colouring
краска
тон
окраска
flower
blossom
bloom
цветок
цветение
cream
крем
Примеры
Snape ’s sallow skin had gone the color of sour milk.
Жёлтая кожа Злея приобрела цвет сметаны.черный
прил
black
dark
черных
темный
menial
ferrous
железистый
Примеры
"The tarn, is it "black and lurid" enough?"
- Пруд достаточно "черный и мрачный"?белый
прил
white
Примеры
He's not even elected yet, and he's already selling out the White House!
Его еще не избрали, а он уже продает Белый дом!серебро
сущ
silver
Argentum
silverware
столовое серебро
Примеры
The trees are all hung with silver.
Деревья будто одеты в серебро.
Или он видит какое-то странное отражение?
blog.maximumtest.ru
Предметы школьной программы - перечень ⋆ MAXIMUM БлогQuick response
Here are some subjects of the school curriculum:
Mathematical: mathematics (algebra and geometry), computer science.
Natural sciences: natural sciences (the world around us), geography, biology, astronomy, physics, chemistry, natural sciences.
Humanities: history, social studies.
Philological: writing (penmanship), Russian, reading, literature.
Labor training: labor (technology), drawing.
Art: music (singing), drawing, world art culture.
Physical education: the entire period of study (11 years).
blog.maximumtest.ru
Subjects of the school curriculum - list of MAXIMUM Blog
schoolchild
school child
ученик,
учащийся,
ребенок школьного возраста
school student
school pupil
high school student
school kid
учащийся школы,
ученик школы,
старшеклассникмолодежь
сущ женский род
young people
youth
young
молодые люди,
молодость,
младшийcirculate
spread
distribute
extend
disseminate
expand
propagate
распространять,
распространяться,
расширить
apply
применять
involved
праздник, услышав, что Иисус идет в Иерусалим,
12:13. взяли пальмовые ветви, вышли навстречу Ему и
восклицали: осанна! благословен грядущий во имя
Господне, Царь Израилев!
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Автор: Библия, Новый Завет
Где почитать: Православная энциклопедия «Азбука веры», [rusbible.ru † Библия] Синодальный перевод Нового и Ветхого заветов
CHRISTIANITY.COM EDITORIAL STAFF
CHRISTIANITY.COM
UPDATED
MAR 22, 2024
What is Palm Sunday? Bible Story and Meaning Today
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Palm Sunday: Jesus' Triumphal Entry to Jerusalem
Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Christian churches all celebrate Palm Sunday, which is the beginning of Holy Week, the most hallowed time of year for Christians. (The Orthodox Christian Church follows the Julian calendar and typically celebrates later than Catholic and Protestant communities.)
Palm Sunday commemorates when Jesus entered Jerusalem and was greeted by people waving palm branches. This event serves as a reminder for Christians to welcome Jesus into their hearts and be ready to follow Him. The Palm Sunday service also includes a reading of the Passion, which narrates the story of Jesus' suffering and crucifixion.
Palm Sunday is a Christian holiday that occurs on the Sunday before Easter. This celebration celebrates Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, mentioned in each of the four Gospels. Jesus entered the city knowing He would be tried and crucified and welcomed His fate to rise from the grave and save us from sin! Palm Sunday marks the beginning of Holy Week, the remembrance of Jesus' last days.
In many churches, Palm Sunday is observed with the blessing and sharing of palm branches, symbolizing the branches placed in front of Christ as he entered Jerusalem.
Let us praise God for sending His Son to earth, Jesus' sacrifice for our sins, and our eternal life in Christ through faith.
Read the Bible passage of Jesus' entry to Jerusalem and learn Palm Sunday's history, tradition, and modern customs.
Photo Credit: Flickr
palm sunday, palm sunday in the bible
Palm Sunday in the Bible
Jesus Comes to Jerusalem as King - The Triumphal Entry
Now when they drew near to Jerusalem and came to Bethphage, to the Mount of Olives, then Jesus sent two disciples, saying to them, "Go into the village in front of you, and immediately you will find a donkey tied, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. If anyone says anything to you, you shall say, 'The Lord needs them,' and he will send them at once." This took place to fulfill what was spoken by the prophet, saying, "Say to the daughter of Zion, 'Behold, your king is coming to you, humble, and mounted on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a beast of burden.'" 6 The disciples went and did as Jesus had directed them. They brought the donkey and the colt and put on them their cloaks, and he sat on them. Most of the crowd spread their cloaks on the road, and others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. And the crowds that went before him and that followed him were shouting, "Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!" And when he entered Jerusalem, the whole city was stirred up, saying, "Who is this?" And the crowds said, "This is the prophet Jesus, from Nazareth of Galilee." - Matthew 21:1-11
The Old Testament prophecied Palm Sunday in Zechariah 9:9 - "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout aloud, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your king is coming to you; righteous and having salvation is he, humble and mounted on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey."
Read more Palm Sunday Scriptures, including the retold accounts in the gospels of Mark, Luke, and John.
Palm Sunday in 2024
This year, Palm Sunday will be on March 24th, 2024. This begins Holy Week, leading to Easter on March 31st, 2024.
See the timeline and meaning of Holy Week: When Is Holy Week in 2024? Holiday Dates for Easter and More
Photo Credit: Wikipedia
palm sunday church service observances
Palm Sunday Celebration and Traditions
Palm Sunday began in the Jerusalem Church approximately the late third century. Observances consisted of hymns, prayers, and Bible readings as people traveled through the many holy places within the city. At the final place, the site of Jesus' ascent into heaven, the ministry would recite the biblical passage of Jesus' victorious entrance into Jerusalem. Then as dusk neared, the people would return to the city declaring: "Blessed is He that comes in the name of the Lord" (Matthew 21:9).
This tradition continued until the sixth and seventh centuries when the ceremonial blessing of the palms was included. By the eighth century, a morning procession substituted the evening one and the Western Church was celebrating what we now know as "Palm Sunday."
Meaning of Palm Sunday
Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter that begins the Holy Week. It is the day that we remember and celebrate the day Jesus entered Jerusalem as Savior and King. As Jesus rode a donkey into the town of Jerusalem a large crowd gathered and laid palm branches and their cloaks across the road, giving Jesus royal treatment. The hundreds of people shouted "Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest heaven!"
Debbie McDaniel wrote about the significance of Palm Sunday,
"On the heels of Palm Sunday, as we begin this Holy Week, may we constantly be reminded of its significance and value for our lives today. That very important day in history, when Jesus began His journey towards the cross.
Yet maybe in the midst of busy lives, on the heels of Spring Break, or in all of the upcoming thoughts about Easter, the real meaning of it may, even unintentionally, get missed.
His Word reveals such great truths in every part of this story. Truths that draw us closer towards Christ, reminding us that He alone is King."
Read more: 5 Things about Palm Sunday That Remind Us Christ Is King
Photo credit: iStock/Getty Images/Yehoshua Halevi
hosanna in the highest palm sunday bible verses
Bible Verses About Palm Sunday
"The next day the great crowd that had come for the festival heard that Jesus was on his way to Jerusalem. They took palm branches and went out to meet him, shouting, "Hosanna!" "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!" "Blessed is the king of Israel!" Jesus found a young donkey and sat on it, as it is written: "Do not be afraid, Daughter Zion; see, your king is coming, seated on a donkey's colt." At first his disciples did not understand all this. Only after Jesus was glorified did they realize that these things had been written about him and that these things had been done to him. Now the crowd that was with him when he called Lazarus from the tomb and raised him from the dead continued to spread the word. Many people, because they had heard that he had performed this sign, went out to meet him. So the Pharisees said to one another, "See, this is getting us nowhere. Look how the whole world has gone after him!" - John 12:12-19
"Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion! Shout aloud, O daughter of Jerusalem! Behold, your king is coming to you; righteous and having salvation is he, humble and mounted on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey". - Zechariah 9:9
Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned. - Mark 16:16
"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him." - John 3:16-17
Jesus answered him, "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God." - John 3:3
"Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the wicked, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of scoffers; but his delight is in the law of the LORD, and on his law he meditates day and night. He is like a tree planted by streams of water that yields its fruit in its season, and its leaf does not wither. In all that he does, he prospers. The wicked are not so, but are like chaff that the wind drives away. Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous; for the LORD knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish." - Psalm 1:1-6
Get your FREE 8-Day Prayer and Scripture Guide - Praying Through the Holy Week HERE. Print your own copy for a beautiful daily devotional leading up to Easter.
Photo Credit: ©iStock/Getty Images Plus/Maria Marganingsih
Quotes About Palm Sunday
"Palm Sunday is like a glimpse of Easter. It's a little bit joyful after being somber during Lent." - Laura Gale
"Palm Sunday's thought; Life is full of ups and downs. Glorify God during the ups and fully trust in Him during the downs." - Anonymous
"Lord, we lift up your name. With hearts full of praise; Be exalted, O Lord my God! Hosanna in the highest!" - Carl Tuttle
"Have a blessed Palm Sunday. Remember a week before he was crucified like a criminal, he rode into the city a king." - Anonymous
"Alleluia, how the people cheer And palm leaves rustle as the king draws near." - John Beavis
RELATED PODCAST: Join Pastor John Stange as he explains what can bring you peace with his Palm Sunday sermon!
image credit Boonyachoat
Christianity.com's editorial staff is a team of writers with a background in the Christian faith and writing experience. We work to create relevant, inspiring content for our audience and update timely articles as necessary.
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Copyright © 2024Business
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For other uses, see Business (disambiguation).
Learn more
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2017)
Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).[1][2][3][4] It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."[5]
A business entity is not necessarily separate from the owner and the creditors can hold the owner liable for debts the business has acquired.[citation needed] The taxation system for businesses is different from that of the corporates. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business.
A distinction is made in law and public offices between the term business and a company such as a corporation or cooperative. Colloquially, the terms are used interchangeably.
Corporations are distinct from with sole proprietors and partnerships. They are separate legal entities and provide limited liability for their owners and members. They are subject to corporate tax rates. They are also more complicated and expensive to set up, but offer more protection and benefits for the owners and members.
Contents
Forms
Main article: List of business entities
Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, but several common entities exist:
A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from operating costs or judgments against the business. All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, a computer infrastructure, any inventory, manufacturing equipment, or retail fixtures, as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor.[6]
A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.[7]
Corporations' owners have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned, and they can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange.[8]
A cooperative or co-op is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.
Limited liability companies (LLC) and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, a general partnership or persons working on their own are usually not as protected.[9]
A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation.[10] Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business.[11]
Company limited by guarantee is commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in England. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
A company limited by shares is the most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."[12] This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a
publicly traded company or a
privately held company.
A company limited by guarantee with a share capital is a hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.[13]
An unlimited company with or without a share capital is a hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case, the doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.
Less common types of companies are:
Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
Charter corporations were the only types of companies before the passing of modern companies legislation. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
Statutory companies are certain companies that have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction, and are relatively rare today.
"Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."[14]
In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include "segregated portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies.
There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.
Companies are also sometimes distinguished into public companies and private companies for legal and regulatory purposes. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and a future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.
A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.
Classifications
Main article: Industry classification
Agriculture, such as the domestication of fish, animals, and livestock, as well as lumber, oil, vegetables, fruits, etc.
Mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials, such as wood, petroleum, natural gas, ores, metals or minerals.
Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government, to consumers, or to other businesses. Interior decorators, beauticians, hair stylists, make-up artists, tanning salons, laundromats, dry cleaners, and pest controllers are service businesses.
Financial services businesses include banks, brokerage firms, credit unions, credit cards, insurance companies, asset and investment companies such as private-equity firms, private-equity funds, real estate investment trusts, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, mutual funds, index funds, hedge funds, stock exchanges, and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital.
Transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, and shipping companies deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee.
Utilities produce public services such as water, electricity, waste management or sewage treatment. These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government.
Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property. They include film studios and production houses, mass media companies such as cable television networks, online digital media agencies, talent agencies, mobile media outlets, newspapers, book and magazine publishing houses.
Sports organizations are involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any activity, experience, or business enterprise focused on sports. They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.
Industrial manufacturers produce products, either from raw materials or from component parts, then export the finished products at a profit. They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties, including land, residential homes, and other buildings.
Retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers; they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Activities
Accounting
Main article: Accounting
Accounting is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities[15][16] such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.[17] Accounting, which has been called the "language of business",[18] measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.[19] Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.
Commerce
Main article: Commerce
The process of exchanging goods and services.[20]
Finance
Further information: Financial management and Managerial finance
See also: Corporate finance and Strategic financial management
Finance is a field that deals with the study of money and investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk.[21] In the context of business and management, finance deals with the problems of ensuring that the firm can safely and profitably carry out its operational and financial objectives; i.e. that it: (1) has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming operational expenses, and (2) can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments. Finance also deals with the long term objective of maximizing the value of the business, while also balancing risk and profitability; this includes the interrelated questions of (1) capital investment, which businesses and projects to invest in; (2) capital structure, deciding on the mix of funding to be used; and (3) dividend policy, what to do with "excess" capital.
Human resources
Main article: Human resources
Human resources can be defined as division of business that involves finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants.[22] Human resources, or HR, is crucial for all businesses to succeed as it helps companies adjust to a fast-moving business environment and the increasing demand for jobs.[22]
The term "Human Resource" was first coined by John R. Commons in his novel 'The Distribution of Wealth'. HR departments are relatively new as they began developing in the late 20th century. HR departments main goal is to maximize employee productivity and protecting the company from any issues that may arise in the future. Some of the most common activities conducted by those working in HR include increasing innovation and creativity within a company, applying new approaches to work projects, and efficient training and communication with employees.
Two of the most popular subdivisions of HR are Human Resource Management,[23] HRM, and Human Resource Information Systems, [24] or HRIS. The HRM route is for those who prefer an administrative role as it involves oversight of the entirety of the company. HRIS involves the storage and organization of employee data including full names, addresses, means of contact, and anything else required by that certain company.
Some careers of those involved in the Human Resource field include enrollment specialists, HR analyst, recruiter, employment relations manager, etc.
Information technology
Many businesses have an Information technology (IT) department, which supports the use of information technology and computer systems in support of enterprise goals. The role of a Chief Information Officer is to lead this department. For example, Ford Motor Company in the United States employs "more than 3,000 team members with advanced computing, analytical and technical skills".[25]
Manufacturing
Main article: Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
Marketing
Main article: Marketing
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."[26] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing.
With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called digital marketing. It is marketing products and services using digital technologies.
Research and development
Main article: Research and development
Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation.[27] Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product.[28] Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result.[28]
Safety
Main article: Safety
Injuries cost businesses billions of dollars annually.[29] Studies have shown how company acceptance and implementation of comprehensive safety and health management systems reduce incidents, insurance costs, and workers' compensation claims.[30] New technologies, like wearable safety devices[31] and available online safety training, continue to be developed to encourage employers to invest in protection beyond the "canary in the coal mine" and reduce the cost to businesses of protecting their employees.
Sales
Main article: Sales
Sales are activity related to selling or the number of goods or services sold in a given time period. Sales are often integrated with all lines of business and are key to a companies' success.[32]
Management
Main article: Management
For a topical guide, see Outline of business management.
The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management, and information technology management.[33]
Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business's value: financial resources, capital (tangible resources), and human resources. These resources are administered in at least six functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.[citation needed]
Restructuring state enterprises
In recent decades, states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, China modeled 80% of its state-owned enterprises on a company-type management system.[34] Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.
Business process management
Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.[who?]
Organization and regulation
See also: Theory of the firm
Time required to start a business in 2017[35]
Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type.
The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:
The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm. Generally, a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.
Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason.
Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.
Control and coordination requirements. In function of the risk and complexity of the tasks to organize, a business is organized through a set of formal and informal mechanisms.[36][37] In particular, contractual and relational governance can help mitigate opportunism as well as support communication and information sharing.[37]
Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.
Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable.
A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:
General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
In most countries, there are laws that treat small corporations differently from large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
"Going public" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public. This requires the organization as a distinct entity, to disclose information to the public, and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLC's that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well, such as, for example, real estate investment trusts in the US, and unit trusts in the UK. A general partnership cannot "go public".
Commercial law
Main article: Corporate law
Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District
A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.[38] The word "corporation" derives from the Latin corpus, meaning body, and the Maurya Empire in Iron-Age India accorded legal rights to business entities.[39]
In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source. Laws can govern the treatment of labour and employee relations, worker protection and safety, discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, and the minimum wage, as well as unions, worker compensation, and working hours and leave.
Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.
Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses.
Capital
Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City
When businesses need to raise money (called capital), they sometimes offer securities for sale.[40]
Capital may be raised through private means, by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange,[41] or in multiple other ways.[40]
Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (the US), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and Bombay Stock Exchange (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC) in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).
The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing.
Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures.
Intellectual property
Main article: Intellectual property
Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks, or preservation of trade secrets.[42] Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.
Trade union
Main article: Trade union
A trade union (or labor union) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions.[43] The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers.[43] The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".[44] This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.
See also
icon Business portal
Main article: Outline of business
Accounting
List of accounting topics
Advertising
Bank
Big business
Business acumen
Business broker
Business ethics
Social responsibility
Business hours
Business law topics
Business mathematics
Business mediator
Business school
Business tourism
Business valuation
Businessperson
Capitalism
Change management analyst
Commerce
Company
Corporate personhood
Cost overrun
E-commerce
Electronic business
Economics
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Financial economics
List of economics topics
Entrepreneurship
Finance
List of finance topics
Franchising
Government ownership
Human resources
Industry categories
Innovation
Insurance
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Interim management
International trade
List of international trade topics
Investment
Job creation program
Labour economics
Limited liability
List of company registers
List of largest employers
List of oldest companies
Lists of companies
Management information system
Manufacturing
List of production topics
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List of marketing topics
Money
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Profit
Real estate
List of real estate topics
Revenue shortfall
Shareholder value
Small business
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Tax
Trade
Types of business entity
References
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External links
