Jesus Sione Three Chram star Jepiskop Pontiff 1 включенный причблагословение сущ ср школьник сущ м
schoolchild, schoolboy, school child CEGODNY WORLD NATIONEпоклонники сущ м
fanbase
поклонник сущ м
admirer, lover, fan, aficionado И смерть и ад повержены в озеро огненное. Это смерть вторая (οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ δεύτερός θάνατος). 1 Кор 15, 26. Откр 2, 11.
15 И кто не был записан в книге жизни, тот был брошен в озеро огненное. And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.
(почитатель, любитель, фанат)
worshipper, worshiper
(верующий)ELECTRONIC MARCIROVCA PRODUCT ПОПАДАЮТ ТРАГИЧЕСКИ И ГЛУПО ПОГИБАЮТ ЭТО СМЕРТЬ ВТОРАЯ ...ПОСЛЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ СМЕРТИ НАХОДЯТСЯ В ЗАБВЕНИИ ОЖИДАЮТ СТРАШНОГО СУДА БОГА ИИСУСА ХРИСТА И ЧЬИ ИМЕНА НЕ БЫЛИ ЗАПИСАНЫ В КНИГЕ ЖИЗНИ ПОСЛЕ ВОСКРЕСЕНИЯ МЕРТВЫХ ПОПАДАЮТ В АД ВЕЧНЫЕ БОЛИ СТОНАНИЯ ОГОНЬ СЕРА WORLD NATION- ANTICHRISAT JESUS праздник сущ м
holiday, feast, festival, celebration, festivity, fete
(пир, фестиваль, празднование, торжество, празднество)
Fiesta
(фиеста)
party
(учащийся, ученик, ребенок школьного возраста)
school student, school pupil, high school student, school kid
(учащийся школы, ученик школы, старшеклассник
blessing, benediction, blessedвключенный причOXFORD BRITISH KEMBRIDG HARWARD MOSKOW LOMONOSOW UNIVERSITY YALE USA LAW ECONOMIC PROGECT MENEDGMENT EMISIONE INDUSTRYSobor Sione three-Jesus star добавил(а),EXAM 5+география сущ ж Евангелие от Иоанна
…11. She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more.
12. Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.
8:12. Опять говорил Иисус к народу и сказал им: Я
свет миру; кто последует за Мною, тот не будет
ходить во тьме, но будет иметь свет жизни.
geographyюридическая наука сущгеография
geography
сущ.
[ʤɪˈɒgrəfɪ]
география, географическое положение, землеведение
(geographical location, physical geography)
географический регион
(geographic region)
geography
прил.
[ʤɪˈɒgrəfɪ] СANDIDATE PROGECT SELF MENEDGMENT+IDEOLOGY DEAR SISTERS+LOVE JESUS
географический
legal science, juridical scienceэкономическая деятельность сущ
economic activity, business activity, economical activity
(хозяйственная деятельность, предпринимательская деятельность) DEAR KIDS ВЫ ВСЕ ЭТО ПРЕВРАТИТЕ В УСПЕШНЫЙ BUSNESS RGISTRATIONE DEVELOPMENT IDEOLOGU GOSPEL JESUS POLITIC AGRO NATURAL PRODUC PRTY WORLD INTERNATIONALE+
economic performance
(экономические показатели)
(правовая наука)
geographicalраспространение сущ ср превратить гл
transform, convert, transmute
(преобразовать)
turn
(повернуть)
make
(сделать)предпринимательство сущ ср
business, entrepreneurship, enterprise
(бизнес, предприимчивость, предприятие)
enterprising, entrepreneurial
(предприимчивость)
business undertaking
distribution, spread, dissemination, propagation, distributing
(распределение, разворот, диссеминация, пропаганда)успешно нареч
successfully, effectively, efficiently
(удачно, эффективно)
succesfully
happily
(счастливо)
proliferation
(размножение)
disseminate, distribute, propagate
(распределение, пропаганда)
geographicallyнациональная безопасность сущ
national security, national safety, homeland security
(государственная безопасность, безопасность страны, внутренняя безопасностьнациональный прил
national, domestic
(государственный, внутренний)
ethnic
(этнический)
nationally
(на национальном уровне)
included благословение сущ ср JESUS JERUSALEM CHRAM 3 новая Англия сущ
new England зависимая территория сущcertificates of basic and secondary General education.LEGAL PAPER DOCUMENT 9+ 11 CLASS
dependent territory аттестатов об основном и среднем общем образовании.secondary state secondary school
(благодать, благословенный)
bless
included
(внесенный)
incorporated, integrated
(объединенный)34. For the Son of Man is as a man taking a far journey, who left his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his work, and commanded the porter to watch.
35. Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning:
36. Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping.
37. And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.
involved
@SerzhYakunoff DEAR FRIENDS DEAR BRUDERS SLOGAN COMPANY TRIUMF GOD JESUS CHRIST!ISKUSTVENIE INTELECT-666-ANTICHRISTA-голубой прил
blue, cyan
(синий) natione-
Lord Gospel Jesus Politic Party start unit elections internationale+registr Candidat development Programe+Friendly IT Development+252 Contry President+legal maj
Великобритания, 01855275174, Oxford Кembridg, , Jerusalem the temple mount is the Armenian quarter with
…sion-of-jesus-christ-in-the-un.n4.biz
Дата регистрации: май 2015 г.
Дата рождения: 03 марта От Иоанна глав 17:1-10 1 После сих слов Иисус возвел очи Свои на небо и сказал: Отче пришел час, прославь Сына Твоего,да и Сын твой прославит Тебя,2 так как Ты дал Ему власть над всякою плотью да всему, что Ты дал Ему власть над всякою плотью,да всему,что Ты дал Ему, даст Он жизнь вечную.3 Сия же есть жизнь вечная,да знают Тебя, единого истинного Бога,и посланного Тобою Иисуса Христа.4 Я прославил Тебя на земле,совершил дело,которое Ты поручил Мне исполнить.5 И ныне прославь Меня Ты, Отче,у Тебя Самого славою,которую Я имел у Тебя прежде бытия мира.6 Я открыл имя Твое человекам,которых Ты дал Мне от мира:они были Твои,и Ты дал их Мне,и они сохранили слово Твое.7 Ныне уразумели они,что все,что Ты дал Мне,от Тебя есть,8ибо слова,которые Ты дал Мне,Я передал им,и они приняли и уразумели истинно,что Я исщел от Тебя,и уверовали,что Ты послал Меня.9 Я о них молю: не о всем мире молю,но о тех,которых Ты дал мне, потому что они твои.10 И все мое Твое,и Твое Мое; и Я прославился в них.MAIN
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Textbook Geography class 10 Maksakovsky
Geography class 10
Added: 9-08-2014, 13: 44 Views: 228,995
Textbook Geography class 10 Maksakovsky
Name: Geography 10 class
Author(s): V. p. Maksakovsky
Year of publication: 2012 2009
Publisher: Enlightenment
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Учебник География 10 класс Максаковский
География 10 класс
Добавлен: 9-08-2014, 13:44 Просмотров: 228
Учебник География 10 класс Максаковский
Название: География 10 класс
Автор(ы): Максаковский В.П.
Год издания: 2012 2009
Издательство: Просвещение
Формат: pdf
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Часть 1. ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИРА
Часть 2. РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИРА
Часть 3. ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСТВА
Часть 1. ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИРА
Тема 1. Современная политическая карта мира
1. Мы рассматриваем многообразие стран современного мира
1. Политическая карта мира
2. Многообразие стран современного мира
2. Мы характеризуем влияние международных отношений на политическую карту мира
3. Мы знакомимся с государственным строем стран мира
4. Мы узнаем о политической географии
Тема 2. География мировых природных ресурсов. Загрязнение и охрана окружающей среды
1. Мы изучаем взаимодействие общества и природы
2. Мы оцениваем мировые природные ресурсы
1. Оценка мировых природных ресурсов
2. Земельные, водные, биологические ресурсы планеты
3. Ресурсы Мирового океана, космические и рекреационные ресурсы
3. Мы рассматриваем загрязнение и охрану окружающей среды
4. Мы узнаем о географическом ресурсоведении и геоэкологии
Тема 3. География населения мира
1. Мы знакомимся с численностью и воспроизводством населения
2. Мы узнаем о составе (структуре) населения
1. Структура населения
2. География религий
3. Мы характеризуем размещение и миграции населения
4. Мы сравниваем городское и сельское население
Тема 4. Научно-техническая революция и мировое хозяйство
1. Мы характеризуем научно-техническую революцию
2. Мы изучаем мировое хозяйство
3. Мы рассматриваем отраслевую и территориальную структуру мирового хозяйства
4. Мы знакомимся с факторами размещения
Тема 5. География отраслей мирового хозяйства
1. Мы изучаем географию промышленности
1. География промышленности мира
2. Мировая электроэнергетика
3. Горнодобывающая промышленность и металлургия мира
4. География мирового машиностроения
5. Химическая, лесная и легкая промышленность мира. Промышленность и окружающая среда
2. Мы рассматриваем географию сельского хозяйства и рыболовства
1. География мирового сельского хозяйства: растениеводство
2. География мирового животноводства и рыболовства
3. Мы занимаемся географией транспорта
4. Мы знакомимся со всемирными экономическими отношениями
Часть 2. РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИРА
Тема 6. Зарубежная Европа
1. Мы даем общую характеристику зарубежной Европы
1. Зарубежная Европа. Состав, политическая карта
2. Природные ресурсы Зарубежной Европы
3. Население Европы
4. Промышленность, ведущие отрасли хозяйства Зарубежной Европы
5. Сельское хозяйство и транспорт Европы
6. География нематериальной сферы Зарубежной Европы
2. Мы изучаем географический рисунок расселения и хозяйства
3. Мы знакомимся с субрегионами и странами зарубежной Европы
1. Северная Европа
2. Западная Европа
3. Южная Европа
4. Восточная Европа
5. Европейский Союз
Тема 7. Зарубежная Азия. Австралия
1. Мы даем общую характеристику зарубежной Азии
1. Политическая карта Зарубежной Азии
2. Природные ресурсы Зарубежной Азии
3. Население Зарубежной Азии
4. Социально-экономические модели Зарубежной Азии
5. Сельское хозяйство и транспорт Зарубежной Азии
6. Юго-Западная Азия
2. Мы изучаем Китай
3. Мы познаем Японию
4. Мы «открываем» Индию
5. Мы знакомимся с Австралией
Тема 8. Африка
1. Мы даем общую характеристику Африки
1. Состав, политическая карта, население Африки
2. Природно-ресурсный потенциал и общая характеристика хозяйства Африки
2. Мы сопоставляем субрегионы Северной и Тропической Африки. ЮАР
Тема 9. Северная Америка
1. Мы даем общую характеристику Соединенных Штатов Америки
1. США. Территория, границы, природно-ресурсный потенциал
2. Население США
3. Ведущие отрасли хозяйства США
2. Мы рассматриваем макрорайоны США
3. Мы знакомимся с Канадой
Тема 10. Латинская Америка
1. Мы даем общую характеристику Латинской Америки
1. Состав Латинской Америки. Политическая карта
2. Население Латинской Америки
3. Природно-ресурсный потенциал Латинской Америки
4. Общая характеристика хозяйства Латинской Америки
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Elect" redirects here. For other uses, see -elect and Election (disambiguation).
"Free election" redirects here. For the "free elections" of Polish kings, see Royal elections in Poland.
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An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.[1] Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century.[1] Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations.[2]
The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the Elections were not used were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.[3]
Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems. Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results).
To elect means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections, especially in the United States.
Contents
1 History
2 Characteristic
2.1 Suffrage
2.2 Nomination of candidate
2.3 Electoral systems
2.4 Scheduling
2.5 Election campaigns
2.6 Difficulties with elections
2.6.1 Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate
2.6.2 Unfair rules
2.6.3 Interference with campaigns
2.6.4 Tampering with the election mechanism
3 Show election
3.1 Examples
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
See also: History of democracy
Roman coin depicting election
A British election campaign leaflet with an illustration of an example ballot paper, 1880
Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor (see imperial election) and the pope (see papal election).[1]
In Vedic period of India, the Raja (chiefs) of a gana (a tribal organization) was apparently elected by the gana. The Raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna (warrior class), and was typically a son of the previous Raja. However, the gana members had the final say in his elections.[4] Even during the Sangam Period people elected their representatives by casting their votes and the ballot boxes (Usually a pot) were tied by rope and sealed. After the election the votes were taken out and counted.[5] The Pala King Gopala (ruled c. 750s–770s CE) in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region.[6][7] In the Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur (in present-day Tamil Nadu), palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members. The leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the committee members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system.[8][9]
The modern "election", which consists of public elections of government officials, didn't emerge until the beginning of the 17th century when the idea of representative government took hold in North America and Europe.[1]
Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections. Males, the dominant cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries.[1] Early elections in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males.[1] However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal adult male suffrage (except Switzerland) and many countries began to consider women's suffrage.[1] Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for adult males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections (see civil rights movement).[1]
Characteristic[edit]
Suffrage[edit]
The question of who may vote is a central issue in elections. The electorate does not generally include the entire population; for example, many countries prohibit those who are under the age of majority from voting, all jurisdictions require a minimum age for voting.
In Australia, Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962 (see 1967 referendum entry) and in 2010 the federal government removed the rights of prisoners serving for 3 years or more to vote (a large proportion of which were Aboriginal Australians).
Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed.
However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence is not required.
Campaigners working on posters in Milan, Italy, 2004
In some countries, voting is required by law; if an eligible voter does not cast a vote, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as a fine. In Western Australia, the penalty for a first time offender failing to vote is a $20.00 fine, which increases to $50.00 if the offender refused to vote prior.[10]
Nomination of candidate[edit]
A representative democracy requires a procedure to govern nomination for political office. In many cases, nomination for office is mediated through preselection processes in organized political parties.[11]
Non-partisan systems tend to be different from partisan systems as concerns nominations. In a direct democracy, one type of non-partisan democracy, any eligible person can be nominated. Although elections were used in ancient Athens, in Rome, and in the selection of popes and Holy Roman emperors, the origins of elections in the contemporary world lie in the gradual emergence of representative government in Europe and North America beginning in the 17th century. In some systems no nominations take place at all, with voters free to choose any person at the time of voting—with some possible exceptions such as through a minimum age requirement—in the jurisdiction. In such cases, it is not required (or even possible) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels (i.e., among the elected delegates).
As far as partisan systems, in some countries, only members of a particular party can be nominated (see one-party state). Or, any eligible person can be nominated through a process; thus allowing him or her to be listed.
Electoral systems[edit]
Electoral systems are the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into a political decision. The first step is to tally the votes, for which various vote counting systems and ballot types are used. Voting systems then determine the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either proportional or majoritarian. Among the former are party-list proportional representation and additional member system. Among the latter are First Past the Post electoral system (relative majority) and absolute majority. Many countries have growing electoral reform movements, which advocate systems such as approval voting, single transferable vote, instant runoff voting or a Condorcet method; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods.
While openness and accountability are usually considered cornerstones of a democratic system, the act of casting a vote and the content of a voter's ballot are usually an important exception. The secret ballot is a relatively modern development, but it is now considered crucial in most free and fair elections, as it limits the effectiveness of intimidation.
Scheduling[edit]
The nature of democracy is that elected officials are accountable to the people, and they must return to the voters at prescribed intervals to seek their mandate to continue in office. For that reason most democratic constitutions provide that elections are held at fixed regular intervals. In the United States, elections for public offices are typically held between every two and six years in most states and at the federal level, with exceptions for elected judicial positions that may have longer terms of office. There is a variety of schedules, for example presidents: the President of Ireland is elected every seven years, the President of Russia and the President of Finland every six years, the President of France every five years, President of the United States every four years.
Pre-decided or fixed election dates have the advantage of fairness and predictability. However, they tend to greatly lengthen campaigns, and make dissolving the legislature (parliamentary system) more problematic if the date should happen to fall at time when dissolution is inconvenient (e.g. when war breaks out). Other states (e.g., the United Kingdom) only set maximum time in office, and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls. In practice, this means the government remains in power for close to its full term, and choose an election date it calculates to be in its best interests (unless something special happens, such as a motion of no-confidence). This calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority.
Election campaigns[edit]
Main article: Political campaign
When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns. Supporters for a campaign can be either formally organized or loosely affiliated, and frequently utilize campaign advertising. It is common for political scientists to attempt to predict elections via Political Forecasting methods.
The most expensive election campaign included US$7 billion spent on the 2012 United States presidential election and is followed by the US$5 billion spent on the 2014 Indian general election.[12]
Difficulties with elections[edit]
Buenos Aires 1892 "The rival voters were kept back by an armed force of police out of sight to others. Only batches of two or three were allowed to enter the polling-office at a time. Armed sentries guarded the gates and the doors." (Godefroy Durand, The Graphic, 21 May 1892).
Main articles: Electoral fraud and Unfair election
See also: Electoral integrity and Foreign electoral intervention
In many of the countries with weak rule of law, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government. Dictators may use the powers of the executive (police, martial law, censorship, physical implementation of the election mechanism, etc.) to remain in power despite popular opinion in favor of removal. Members of a particular faction in a legislature may use the power of the majority or supermajority (passing criminal laws, defining the electoral mechanisms including eligibility and district boundaries) to prevent the balance of power in the body from shifting to a rival faction due to an election.[1]
Non-governmental entities can also interfere with elections, through physical force, verbal intimidation, or fraud, which can result in improper casting or counting of votes. Monitoring for and minimizing electoral fraud is also an ongoing task in countries with strong traditions of free and fair elections. Problems that prevent an election from being "free and fair" take various forms.[13]
Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate[edit]
The electorate may be poorly informed about issues or candidates due to lack of freedom of the press, lack of objectivity in the press due to state or corporate control, and/or lack of access to news and political media. Freedom of speech may be curtailed by the state, favoring certain viewpoints or state propaganda.
Unfair rules[edit]
Gerrymandering, exclusion of opposition candidates from eligibility for office, needlessly high restrictions on who may be a candidate, like ballot access rules, and manipulating thresholds for electoral success are some of the ways the structure of an election can be changed to favor a specific faction or candidate.
Interference with campaigns[edit]
See also: Foreign electoral intervention
Those in power may arrest or assassinate candidates, suppress or even criminalize campaigning, close campaign headquarters, harass or beat campaign workers, or intimidate voters with violence. Foreign electoral intervention can also occur, with the United States interfering betweem 1946 and 2000 in 81 elections and Russia/USSR in 36.[14] In 2018 the most intense interventions, by means of false information, were by China in Taiwan and by Russia in Latvia; the next highest levels were in Bahrain, Qatar and Hungary.[15]
Few US states check results
Tampering with the election mechanism[edit]
See also: Election audit, Certification of voting machines, Secret ballot, Voter impersonation, Voter ID laws, and Voter suppression
This can include falsifying voter instructions,[16] violation of the secret ballot, ballot stuffing, tampering with voting machines,[17] destruction of legitimately cast ballots,[18] voter suppression, voter registration fraud, failure to validate voter residency, fraudulent tabulation of results, and use of physical force or verbal intimation at polling places. Other examples include persuading candidates not to run, such as through blackmailing, bribery, intimidation or physical violence.
Show election[edit]
A sham election, or show election, is an election that is held purely for show; that is, without any significant political choice or real impact on results of election.[19]
Show elections are a common event in dictatorial regimes that feel the need to feign the appearance of public legitimacy. Published results usually show nearly 100% voter turnout and high support (typically at least 80%, and close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidate(s) or for the referendum choice that favors the political party in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize show elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries.[20]
Sometimes, only one government approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition candidates allowed, or opposition candidates are arrested on false charges (or even without any charges) before the election to prevent them from running.[21][22][23]
Ballots may contain only one "yes" option, or in the case of a simple "yes or no" question, security forces often persecute people who pick "no", thus encouraging them to pick the "yes" option. In other cases, those who vote receive stamps in their passport for doing so, while those who did not vote (and thus do not receive stamps) are persecuted as enemies of the people. [24][25]
In some cases, show elections can backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion or fraud. The most famous example of this was the 1990 Myanmar general election.[26]
Examples[edit]
A ballot from the 1936 elections in Nazi Germany.
A ballot from the 1938 elections in Nazi Germany asking voters to approve the new Reichstag and the Anschluss. The "no" box was made significantly smaller than the "yes" box.
Examples of sham elections are the 1929 and 1934 elections in Fascist Italy, elections in Nazi Germany, the 1940 elections of the People's Parliaments in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the 1955 referendum in Vietnam, the 1958 election in Portugal, the 2014 Crimean referendum, and in most communist and socalist states (e.g. East Germany, the Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Ba'athist Iraq).
A predetermined conclusion is always established by the regime through suppression of the opposition, coercion of voters, vote rigging, reporting a number of votes received greater than the number of voters, outright lying, or some combination of these.
In an extreme example, Charles D. B. King of Liberia was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the 1927 general election, a "majority" that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters.[27]
See also[edit]
Ballot access
Concession (politics)
Demarchy—"Democracy without Elections"
Electoral calendar
Electoral integrity
Electoral system
Election law
Election litter
Elections by country
Electronic voting
Fenno's paradox
Full slate
Garrat Elections
Gerontocracy
Issue voting
Landslide election
Meritocracy
Multi-party system
Nomination rules
Party system
Pluralism (political philosophy)
Political science
Polling station
Reelection
Slate
Stunning elections
Two-party system
Voter turnout
Voting system
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Election (political science)," Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 18 August 2009
^ Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 438–446. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
^ Headlam, James Wycliffe (1891). Election by Lot at Athens. p. 12.
^ Eric W. Robinson (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-3-515-06951-9.
^ Agananooru. Chennai: Saiva Siddantha Noor pathippu Kazhagam. 1968. pp. 183–186.
^ Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). "The Imperial Palas". Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
^ Biplab Dasgupta (1 January 2005). European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-1-84331-029-7.
^ VK Agnihotri, ed. (2010). Indian History (26th ed.). Allied. pp. B-62–B-65. ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4.
^ "Pre-Independence Method of Election". Tamil Nadu State Election Commission, India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^ "Failure to Vote | Western Australian Electoral Commission". www.elections.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Reuven Hazan, 'Candidate Selection', in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (eds), Comparing Democracies 2, Sage Publications, London, 2002
^ "India's spend on elections could challenge US record: report". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
^ "Free and Fair Elections". Public Sphere Project. 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Levin, Dov H. (June 2016). "When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results". International Studies Quarterly. 60 (2): 189–202. doi:10.1093/isq/sqv016.
^ Democracy Facing Global Challenges, V-DEM ANNUAL DEMOCRACY REPORT 2019, p.36 (PDF) (Report). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ 2018-2019 San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury (24 July 2019). "Security of Election Announcements" (PDF). Superior Court of California. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ Zetter, Kim (26 September 2018). "The Crisis of Election Security". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ Gardner, Amy (21 February 2019). "N.C. board declares a new election in contested House race after the GOP candidate admitted he was mistaken in his testimony". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ Inc., US Legal. "Sham Election Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc". definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
^ "Kim Jong-un wins 100% of the vote in his constituency". 10 March 2014.
^ Jamjoom, Mohammed. "Yemen holds presidential election with one candidate". CNN.
^ Sanchez, Raf; Samaan, Magdy (29 January 2018). "Egyptian opposition calls for boycott of elections after challengers are arrested and attacked" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Alexei Navalny latest: Russian opposition leader arrested ahead of presidential election | The Independent". 22 February 2018.
^ "RUSSIA: Justice in The Baltic". Time. 19 August 1940. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
^ "Yes, There Are Elections in North Korea and Here's How They Work - The Atlantic". 6 March 2014.
^ "Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied". Human Rights Watch. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
^ "Liberia past and present 1927 elections".
Bibliography[edit]
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963. Social Choice and Individual Values. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Benoit, Jean-Pierre and Lewis A. Kornhauser. 1994. "Social Choice in a Representative Democracy." American Political Science Review 88.1: 185–192.
Corrado Maria, Daclon. 2004. US elections and war on terrorism – Interview with professor Massimo Teodori Analisi Difesa, n. 50
Farquharson, Robin. 1969. A Theory of Voting. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Mueller, Dennis C. 1996. Constitutional Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Owen, Bernard, 2002. "Le système électoral et son effet sur la représentation parlementaire des partis: le cas européen.", LGDJ;
Riker, William. 1980. Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Thompson, Dennis F. 2004. Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the U.S. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226797649
Ware, Alan. 1987. Citizens, Parties and the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
External links[edit]
Look up election in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Election
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections.
PARLINE database on national parliaments. Results for all parliamentary elections since 1966
"Psephos," archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries
ElectionGuide.org — Worldwide Coverage of National-level Elections
parties-and-elections.de: Database for all European elections since 1945
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network — electoral encyclopedia and related resources from a consortium of electoral agencies and organizations.
Angus Reid Global Monitor: Election Tracker
IDEA's Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide
European Election Law Association (Eurela)
List of Local Elected Offices in the United States
Caltech/ MIT Voting Technology Project
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5 Примечания
История создания, особенности технологии[править | править код]
Алтайские сыроделы ещё в конце XIX века пытались освоить производство сыров, схожих по рецептуре со швейцарскими[источник не указан 1979 дней]. Но заимствованные из Швейцарии технологии не работали в условиях Алтайских предгорий. Предстояло создать собственную рецептуру, учитывающую местные условия, и позволяющую наладить массовый выпуск. Решил эту задачу в 1930-е годы на Куяганском и Айском сырзаводах сыродел Дмитрий Анатольевич Граников. В отличие от швейцарского, советский сыр изготавливается из пастеризованного молока, обладает короткими сроками созревания (3-4 месяца). Пробные партии нового сорта были отправлены в Лондон, где получили высокую оценку (90-95 баллов по 100-балльной системе). Весь объём произведенного сыра «Советский» был причислен к высшему (25 %) и первому (75 %) сортам.
Начиная с 1932 года почти все заводы Алтайского района были переведены на выработку сыра «Советский»[1].
Описание. Вкусовые качества[править | править код]
Советский сыр выпускается в прямоугольных брусках (в отличие от швейцарского «колеса») длиной 48-50 см, шириной 18-20 см, высотой в 12-18 см и массой до 16 кг, края брусков чуть скруглены. Как и в традиционном швейцарском, в советском сыре содержится 50 % жира, от 1,5 до 2,5 % соли и не более 42 % влаги. Сыр имеет сладковатый, пряный вкус, своеобразный аромат, пластичное тесто, а на разрезе слабо-жёлтого цвета круглые или овальные глазки[источник не указан 2796 дней].
Товарный знак[править | править код]
В настоящее время право выпускать «Советский» сыр есть у ряда предприятий, расположенных в предгорной зоне Алтайского края: ООО «АКХ Ануйское», ООО «Красногорский маслосырзавод», ООО «Солонешенский маслосырзавод», ООО «Кипринский молочный завод», ООО «Алтайский сыр», ООО «Троицкий маслосыродел»,ООО "Алтайский маслосыродельный завод", МУП «Куяганский маслосырзавод», ОАО «Змеиногорский маслосырзавод», ООО «Карагужинский маслосырзавод», ОАО «Быстрянский маслосырзавод». Сыры, выпущенные другими производителем под этим названием, считаются фальсификатом[2][3].
Другое[править | править код]
Существует городская легенда о том, что сыр «Советский» получил своё название от города Советск и по сути является подвидом тильзитера, однако в действительности это не так.
Примечания[править | править код]
↑ Где родился сыр «Советский»
↑ Зарегистрирован товарный знак «Сыр Советский»
↑ Советы возвращаются
Категории: Сыры по алфавитуСыры из коровьего молокаРоссийские сырыАлтайский район Алтайского краяСолонешенский районПищевые продукты СССР
(международный бизнес БЕЗ ГОЛУБОЙ СИРЕНЕВОЙ EMBLEMA LAINE ПЛЕСЕНИ!Soviet (cheese)
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Soviet
fair-haired. Soviet
Soviet cheese.JPG
Country of origin of the USSR, Russia
City, region Foothill districts of the Altai territory: Soloneshensky district, Altaysky district (Altai territory), Charyshsky district, Krasnogorsky district (Altai territory), Kuryinsky district, Zmeinogorsky district.
Cow's milk
Pasteurized no
The texture is solid
Ripening time of 3-4 months
Sovetsky is a hard rennet cheese made from cow's milk.
Content
1 history of creation, technology features
2 Description. Taste qualities
3 Trademark
4 Other
5 notes
History of creation, technology features[edit / edit code]
Altai cheesemakers at the end of the XIX century tried to master the production of cheeses that are similar in recipe to Swiss ones[source not specified for days]. But the technologies borrowed from Switzerland did not work in the conditions of the Altai foothills. We had to create our own recipe, taking into account local conditions,and allowing for mass production. Dmitry Anatolyevich Granikov, a cheesemaker, solved this problem in the 1930s at the Kuyagan and Aisk cheese factories. Unlike Swiss cheese, Soviet cheese is made from pasteurized milk and has a short maturation period (3-4 months). Trial batches of the new variety were sent to London, where they received a high rating (90-95 points on a 100-point system). The entire volume of produced cheese "Soviet" was ranked as the highest (25 %) and first (75 %) grades.
Starting in 1932, almost all the factories in the Altai region were transferred to the production of Sovetsky cheese[1].
Description. Taste quality[edit | edit the code]
Soviet cheese is produced in rectangular bars (unlike the Swiss "wheel") with a length of 48-50 cm, a width of 18-20 cm, a height of 12-18 cm and a weight of up to 16 kg, the edges of the bars are slightly rounded. As in traditional Swiss, Soviet cheese contains 50 % fat, 1.5 to 2.5% salt, and no more than 42% moisture. The cheese has a sweet, spicy taste, a peculiar aroma, a plastic dough, and round or oval eyes on the section of slightly yellow color[source not specified 2796 days].
Trademark[edit | edit the code]
Currently, the right to produce "Soviet" cheese is, the number of enterprises located in the foothills of the Altai Krai: LLC "akkh Anuyskoye", JSC "Krasnogorsk plant", LLC "Soloneshensky Creamery", LLC "Kiprinskiy dairy plant", OOO "Altai cheese", LLC "Trinity maslosyrodel",OOO "Altai butter-cheese factory", MUP "Kaganskiy factory", JSC "Zmeinogorsky Creamery", LLC "Karaginskii factory", JSC "Bystrianska Creamery." Cheeses produced by other manufacturers under this name are considered counterfeit. [2] [3]
Other[edit | edit the code]
There is an urban legend that the "Soviet" cheese got its name from the city of Sovetsk and is in fact a subspecies of Tilsiter, but in reality this is not the case.
Notes[edit | edit the code]
↑ Where was Soviet cheese born»
↑ Registered trademark "Soviet Cheese»+AGRO NATURAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT MARCET SUPERMARCET +
↑ Tips are returned
Category: Cheeses from cow for alphaviruses malokurilskoe serialise district of the Altai Krasnoleninsky biopixie products of the USSR DEAR FRIENDS CHEISE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT EXPORT IMPORT AGRO NATURAL PRODUCT+SELF MENEDGMENT PROGECT SITY REGIONE+List of national capitals
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Notes[edit]
^ The sovereignty over the Spratly Islands is disputed by the PRC, the ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines (part), Malaysia (part), and Brunei (part). Except Brunei, each of these countries occupies part of the islands (see List of territorial disputes).
^ In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei. The CPC established the People's Republic. As such, the political status of the ROC and the legal status of Taiwan (alongside the territories under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC instead of the ROC: most states recognize the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence.
References[edit]
^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html
^ "Indonesia announces site of capital city to replace sinking Jakarta". The Guardian. 26 August 2019.
^ See the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel
^ Sharkansky, Ira (1996). Governing Jerusalem: Again on the world's agenda. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8143-2592-0.
^ See The World Factbook|Cyprus (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacobs, Frank (19 June 2012). "Amazonia or Bust!". New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
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