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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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For other uses, see Bali (disambiguation).

Bali

Province

Regional transcription(s)

• Balinese ᬩᬮᬶ

Amed banner sunset.jpg

GarudaWisnuKencana head.jpg

Tanah-Lot Bali Indonesia Pura-Tanah-Lot-01.jpg

Panorama of Bali from Besakih - Mother temple.jpg

Snorkeling Pemuteran Bali 2.jpg

Listening To The Sound of Peace Under The Sunset.jpg

Balinese Dancer (Imagicity 1248).jpg

Balinese vrouwen in een processie bij een festival in Ubud, -7 Aug. 2009 a.jpg

Balinese girl with offering.jpg

From top, left to right:

Sunset over Amed beach with Mount Agung in the background, Garuda Wisnu Kencana monument, Tanah Lot temple, view from top of Besakih Temple, scuba diving around Pemuteran, sunset over Kuta Beach, and various traditional Balinese people activities

Flag of Bali

Flag Official seal of Bali

Seal

Nickname(s): Pulau Dewata (Island of Deities), Island of Gods, Island of Peace, Morning of The World, Island of Hinduism, Island of Love[1]

Motto(s): ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ

Bali Dwipa Jaya (Balinese)

(meaning: Glorious Bali Island)

Location of Bali in Indonesia

Coordinates: 8°39′S 115°13′ECoordinates: 8°39′S 115°13′E

Country Indonesia

Capital

(and largest city) Denpasar

Government

• Governor I Wayan Koster (PDI-P)

• Vice Governor Tjokorda Oka A. A. Sukawati

Area

• Total 5,780 km2 (2,230 sq mi)

Population (2014)

• Total 4,225,384

• Density 730/km2 (1,900/sq mi)

Demographics

• Ethnic groups[2]

Balinese (90%)

Javanese (7%)

Baliaga (1%)

Madurese (1%)

• Religion[3]

Hindu (83.5%)

Muslim (13.4%)

Christian (2.5%)

Buddhist (0.5%)

• Languages[4]

Indonesian (official)

Balinese

Balinese Malay

English

Time zone UTC+08 (WITA)

Vehicle registration DK

HDI Increase 0.743 (High)

Website www.baliprov.go.id

Bali (island)Native name: ᬧᬸᬮᭁᬩᬮᬶ

BaliLandsat001.jpg

Bali Island, Indonesia

Geography

Archipelago Lesser Sunda Islands

Area 5,636 km2 (2,176 sq mi)[5]

Length 145 km (90.1 mi)

Width 80 km (50 mi)

Highest elevation 3,148 m (10,328 ft)

Highest point Mount Agung

Administration

Indonesia

Province Bali

Largest settlement Denpasar (pop. 834,881)

Demographics

Ethnic groups Balinese, Javanese, Sasak

This article contains Balinese alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Balinese characters.

Bali (Balinese: ᬩᬮᬶ) is a province of Indonesia and an island on the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Located on the east of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city on the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second largest in Eastern Indonesia after Makassar. Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 83.5% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism.[2]

Bali is Indonesia's main tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s.[6] Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.[7] It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali. In March 2017, TripAdvisor named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award.[8]

Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species.[9] In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire Caribbean.[10] Most recently, Bali was the host of the Miss World 2013 and 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group. Bali is the home of the Subak irrigation system, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[11] It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, where each house rules a specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the Bali Kingdom.[12] The royal houses are not recognised by the government of Indonesia; however, they originate before Dutch colonisation.[13]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Ancient

1.2 Portuguese contacts

1.3 Dutch East Indies

1.4 Independence from the Dutch

1.5 Contemporary

2 Geography

3 Climate

4 Ecology

5 Environment

5.1 Plastic pollution

6 Administrative divisions

7 Economy

7.1 Agriculture

7.2 Tourism

8 Transportation

9 Demographics

9.1 Ethnic origins

9.2 Caste system

9.3 Religion

9.4 Language

10 Culture

10.1 Festivals

11 Sports

12 Heritage sites

13 Beauty pageant

14 International partnerships

15 Gallery

16 See also

17 References

18 Bibliography

19 Further reading

20 External links

History

Main article: History of Bali

Ancient

Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia.[14][15] Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines and Oceania.[15] Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.[16][17]

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.[18]

Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Sivaism were practiced simultaneously. Mpu Sindok's great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.[19]:129,144,168,180

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation. Some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period.

The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of Hayam Wuruk is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. A mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520.[19]:234,240 Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906, when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over.[20]

Kandapat Sari statue in Semarapura, one of the old settlements in Bali. Historically, Balinese art and culture is born and based in this town.

Portuguese contacts

The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century usually traveled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.[21] In 1585, a ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung.[22]

Dutch East Indies

Puputan monument

In 1597, the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali, and the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century (see Dutch East Indies). Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.[23] In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, travelled to Bali from Singapore, landing at Buleleng on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace Line theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and Lombok. It has been found to be a boundary between species. In his travel memoir The Malay Archipelago, Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, of which has strong mention of the unique Balinese irrigation methods:

I was both astonished and delighted; for as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometres) inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of coconut palms, tamarind and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice-grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best cultivated parts of Europe.[24]

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (puputan) to avoid the humiliation of surrender.[23] Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.[25] In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterward the Dutch governors exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.

In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature." Western tourists began to visit the island.[26] The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies".[27] Under the looser version of the Hays code that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of Bali.[28] The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists.[29]

The Bali bombings monument

Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer [Senur]. The island was quickly captured.[30]

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers.[31]

Independence from the Dutch

In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.[32] The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja, was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.[33]

Contemporary

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs.[23] An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto.

The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.[23][26][34] With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.[34]

As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency. His "New Order" government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.[23] A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship to the island.

Geography

See also: List of bodies of water in Bali and List of mountains in Bali

Mount Agung, the highest peak on Bali

An islet just south of Bali made of pillow basalt. Much of Bali is made of volcanic rock.

The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it covers 5,780 km2 (2,230 sq mi), or 5,577 km2 (2,153 sq mi) without Nusa Penida District;[35] its population density is roughly 750 people/km2 (1,900 people/sq mi).

Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and active volcanoes such as Mount Batur. The highest is Mount Agung (3,031 m, 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active volcano rated as one of the world's most likely sites for a massive eruption within the next 100 years.[36] In late 2017 Mount Agung started erupting and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport.[37] Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River, flows approximately 75 km (47 mi) (see List of rivers of Bali).

The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet used for significant tourism.

Subak irrigation system

The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is around 491,500 (2002). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 100,000 people.[38] Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and Ubud, situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre.[39]

Three small islands lie to the immediate south east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.

To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia. The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.

Climate

Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around 30 °C (86 °F) with a humidity level of about 85%.[40]

Day time temperatures at low elevations vary between 20 to 33 °C (68 to 91 °F), but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation.

The west monsoon is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During rainy season there is comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas.

Ecology

The Bali myna is found only on Bali and is critically endangered.

Bali lies just to the west of the Wallace Line,[41] and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok.[42] An exception is the yellow-crested cockatoo, a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali myna, which is endemic. Others include barn swallow, black-naped oriole, black racket-tailed treepie, crested serpent-eagle, crested treeswift, dollarbird, Java sparrow, lesser adjutant, long-tailed shrike, milky stork, Pacific swallow, red-rumped swallow, sacred kingfisher, sea eagle, woodswallow, savanna nightjar, stork-billed kingfisher, yellow-vented bulbul and great egret.

Until the early 20th century, Bali was home to several large mammals: the wild banteng, leopard and the endemic Bali tiger. The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937, when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.[43]

Monkeys in Uluwatu

Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often is the Asian palm civet, which is also kept in coffee farms to produce Kopi Luwak. Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The crab-eating macaque, known locally as "kera", is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the Javan langur, locally known as "lutung". They occur in few places apart from the Bali Barat National Park. They are born an orange colour, though by their first year they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration.[citation needed] In Java however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the leopard cat, Sunda pangolin and black giant squirrel.

Snakes include the king cobra and reticulated python. The water monitor can grow to at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and 50 kg (110 lb)[44] and can move quickly.

The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as Tulamben, Amed, Menjangan or neighbouring Nusa Penida, host a wide range of marine life, for instance hawksbill turtle, giant sunfish, giant manta ray, giant moray eel, bumphead parrotfish, hammerhead shark, reef shark, barracuda, and sea snakes. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near Singaraja and Lovina.[45]

Giant manta ray in Bali

A team of scientists conducted a survey from 29 April 2011 to 11 May 2011 at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua, Tulamben and Candidasa, and 393 coral species, including two new ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed.[46] The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36% (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29% or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa, Karangasem regency.[47]

Among the larger trees the most common are: banyan trees, jackfruit, coconuts, bamboo species, acacia trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: hibiscus, frangipani, bougainvillea, poinsettia, oleander, jasmine, water lily, lotus, roses, begonias, orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance around Kintamani, certain species of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: salak, mangosteen, corn, kintamani orange, coffee and water spinach.[citation needed]

Environment

Rice terraces in Bali

Some of the worst erosion has occurred in Lebih Beach, where up to seven metres (23 feet) of land is lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach.[48]

From ranked third in previous review, in 2010 Bali got score 99.65 of Indonesia's environmental quality index and the highest of all the 33 provinces. The score measured three water quality parameters: the level of total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).[49]

Because of over-exploitation by the tourist industry which covers a massive land area, 200 out of 400 rivers on the island have dried up and based on research, the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage up to 2,500 litres of clean water per second by 2015.[50] To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.[51]

Plastic pollution

Last year Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, according to the regional government. In late 2017 officials declared a “garbage emergency” in response to the covering of 3.6 mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning.[52]

Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting that the 260 million-population, 3,000-mile-wide, 17,000-island archipelago is the source of around 10 per cent of the world's plastic waste. Indonesia’s capital city Jakarta features several huge rubbish dumps and it is common to see swaths of plastics bobbing on the city's few waterways.[52]

Administrative divisions

The province is divided into eight regencies (kabupaten) and one city (kota). These are:

Name Capital Area in

km2 Population

2000 Census Population

2010 Census Population

2014 estimate HDI[53]

2014 estimate

Denpasar City Denpasar 127.78 532,440 788,589 856,412 0.816 (Very High)

Badung Regency Mangupura 418.52 345,863 543,332 590,062 0.779 (High)

Bangli Regency Bangli 490.71 193,776 215,353 233,875 0.657 (Medium)

Buleleng Regency Singaraja 1,364.73 558,181 624,125 677,803 0.691 (Medium)

Gianyar Regency Gianyar 368.00 393,155 469,777 510,180 0.742 (High)

Jembrana Regency Negara 841.80 231,806 261,638 284,140 0.686 (Medium)

Karangasem Regency Amlapura 839.54 360,486 396,487 430,587 0.640 (Medium)

Klungkung Regency Semarapura 315.00 155,262 170,543 185,211 0.683 (Medium)

Tabanan Regency Tabanan 839.30 376,030 420,913 457,114 0.726 (High)

Totals 5,780.06 3,146,999 3,890,757 4,225,384 0.724 (High)

Economy

In 1970s, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment.[54] Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related.[7] By end of June 2011, non-performing loan of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan (about 5%).[55] The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the Islamists' terrorist bombings 2002 and 2005. The tourism industry has since recovered from these events.

Agriculture

Wood carving in Bali

Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer.[56] Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing, wooden carvings, stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture.

The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near Mount Batur. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes.[57] Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "Tri Hita Karana". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a geographical indication.[58]

Tourism

No. Country Tourists

1 China 1,366,032

2 Australia 1,061,287

3 India 265,336

4 Japan 252,497

5 United Kingdom 240,007

6 United States 190,307

7 France 179,086

8 Germany 177,321

9 Malaysia 165,541

10 South Korea 162,857

As of 2017[59][60]

Canyoning in Gitgit Waterfall, Bali, Indonesia

The Tirta Empul Temple draws tourists who seek its holy waters.

Pura Taman Ayun, another temple which is a popular tourist destination

Ulun Danu Temple, located in Bratan Lake

In 1963 the Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno, and boosted tourism in Bali. Prior to it, there were only three hotels on the island.[61] Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased on Bali after the Ngurah Rai International Airport opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged the tourism sector as one of the mainstays for economic progress and social welfare.

The tourism industry is primarily focused in the south, while also significant in the other parts of the island. The main tourist locations are the town of Kuta (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of Legian and Seminyak (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of Sanur (once the only tourist hub), Ubud towards the centre of the island, to the south of the Ngurah Rai International Airport, Jimbaran and the newer developments of Nusa Dua and Pecatu.

The United States government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. The Australian government issued an advisory on Friday, 4 May 2012, with the overall level of this advisory lowered to 'Exercise a high degree of caution'. The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, 10 June 2012 because of one tourist who died from methanol poisoning.[62] Australia last issued an advisory on Monday, 5 January 2015 due to new terrorist threats.[63]

Kuta Beach is a popular tourist spot in Bali.

An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali's real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5-star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the south side of the island. Expensive villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, with commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic, many Jakarta individuals and companies are fairly active, investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable.

In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors improved value for their currencies.

Bali's tourism economy survived the Islamists terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the longterm trend has been a steady increase of visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists, which surpassed the target of 2.0–2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65%, so the island still should be able to accommodate tourists for some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels,[64] although at the peak season some of them are fully booked.

Bali received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010.[65] Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are also considered as the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious events that symbolizes a strong relationship between a god and its followers is Kecak Dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after Santorini, Greece.[66]

In August 2010, the film Eat Pray Love was released. The film was based on Elizabeth Gilbert's best-selling memoir Eat, Pray, Love. It took place at Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach at Bali. The 2006 book, which spent 57 weeks at the No. 1 spot on the New York Times paperback nonfiction best-seller list, had already fuelled a boom in Eat, Pray, Love-related tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance through traditional spirituality and healing that leads to love.[67]

In January 2016, after musician David Bowie died, it was revealed that in his will, Bowie asked for his ashes to be scattered in Bali, conforming to Buddhist rituals. He had visited and performed in a number of Southeast Asian cities early in his career, including Bangkok and Singapore.[68]

Since 2011, China has displaced Japan as the second-largest supplier of tourists to Bali, while Australia still tops the list while India has also emerged as a greater supply of tourists. Chinese tourists increased by 17% from last year due to the impact of ACFTA and new direct flights to Bali.[69] In January 2012, Chinese tourists year on year (yoy) increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011, while Japanese tourists declined by 23.54% yoy.[70]

Bali authorities reported the island had 2.88 million foreign tourists and 5 million domestic tourists in 2012, marginally surpassing the expectations of 2.8 million foreign tourists.[71]

Based on a Bank Indonesia survey in May 2013, 34.39 per cent of tourists are upper-middle class, spending between $1,286 to $5,592, and are dominated by Australia, India, France, China, Germany and the UK. Some Chinese tourists have increased their levels of spending from previous years. 30.26 percent of tourists are middle class, spending between $662 to $1,285.[72] In 2017 it was expected that Chinese tourists would outnumber Australian tourists.

Transportation

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport

One of the major forms of transport in Bali is the scooter.

Trans Sarbagita bus, Denpasar and its outskirt areas main transportation

The Ngurah Rai International Airport is located near Jimbaran, on the isthmus at the southernmost part of the island. Lt.Col. Wisnu Airfield is on the north-west Bali.

A coastal road circles the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching to 1,750 m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar. Bali has no railway lines.

In December 2010 the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at Karangasem, Bali with a projected worth of $30 million.[73] On 17 July 2011 the first cruise ship (Sun Princess) anchored about 400 metres (1,300 feet) away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbour. The current pier is only 154 metres (505 feet) but will eventually be extended to 300 to 350 metres (980–1,150 feet) to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbour is safer than the existing facility at Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of east Bali mountains and green rice fields.[74] The tender for improvement was subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation was unclear with cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use the existing facility at Tanah Ampo.[75]

A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by two ministers, Bali's Governor and Indonesian Train Company to build 565 kilometres (351 miles) of railway along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of this proposed railways have been released.[76][77]

On 16 March 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine.[78] Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.[79] In 2013, The Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry advised that 306 cruise liners were scheduled visit Indonesia, an increase of 43 per cent compared to the previous year.[80]

A day-rent motorbike in Denpasar, mainly used by tourist

In May 2011, an integrated Aerial Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at four crossing points: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all traffic lights, CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.[81][82]

Bali Mandara toll plaza

On 21 December 2011 construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-Ngurah Rai International Airport toll road which will also provide a special lane for motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60% of shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the 9.91-kilometre-long (6.16-mile) toll road (totally 12.7 kilometres (7.89 miles) with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion ($273.9 million). The project goes through 2 kilometres (1 mile) of mangrove forest and through 2.3 kilometres (1.4 miles) of beach, both within 5.4 hectares (13 acres) area. The elevated toll road is built over the mangrove forest on 18,000 concrete pillars which occupied 2 hectares of mangroves forest. This was compensated by the planting of 300,000 mangrove trees along the road. On 21 December 2011 the Dewa Ruci 450-metre (1,480-foot) underpass has also started on the busy Dewa Ruci junction near Bali Kuta Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($14.9 million) from the state budget.[83][84][85] On 23 September 2013, the Bali Mandara Toll Road was opened, with the Dewa Ruci Junction (Simpang Siur) underpass being opened previously.[86]

To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will also build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar and Tohpati and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.[87]

Demographics

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%

1971 2,120,322 —

1980 2,469,930 +16.5%

1990 2,777,811 +12.5%

1995 2,895,649 +4.2%

2000 3,146,999 +8.7%

2005 3,378,092 +7.3%

2010 3,890,757 +15.2%

2014 4,225,384 +8.6%

sources:[88]

The population of Bali was 3,890,757 as of the 2010 Census; the latest estimate (for January 2014) is 4,225,384. There are an estimated 30,000 expatriates living in Bali.[89]

Ethnic origins

A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al.[90] found that 12% of Balinese Y-chromosomes are of likely Indian origin, while 84% are of likely Austronesian origin, and 2% of likely Melanesian origin. The study does not correlate the DNA samples to the Balinese caste system.

Caste system

Main article: Balinese caste system

Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence".[91] The four castes have been classified as Soedra (Shudra), Wesia (Vaishyas), Satrias (Kshatriyas) and Brahmana (Brahmin).[92]

The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that Balinese caste had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received understandings concerning its Indian origins".[93] In Bali, the Shudra (locally spelled Soedra) have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes.[94] In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite meweda (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.[94]

Religion

Main article: Balinese Hinduism

See also

flagIndonesia portal

Balinese Hinduism

Balinese architecture

Balinese temple

Balinese dance

Tourism in Indonesia

Culture of Indonesia

школьник сущ м

schoolchild, schoolboy, school child

(учащийся, ученик, ребенок школьного возраста)

school student, school pupil, high school student, school kid

(учащийся школы, ученик школы, старшеклассник) LAW ECONOMIC BUSSNESS POLITIC +

ЕГЭ сущ м

EGE

егэ сущ м

state exam, national exam

(государственный экзамен, национальный экзамен)

unified state exam

(единый государственный экзамен)+SAT GMAT TOEFL ILEVEL OXFORD KEMBRIDG HRWARD MOSKOV STATE LOMONOSOV UNIVERSITET+YALE=SLOGAN BUSSNESS COMPANY TRIUMF GOD JESUS CHRIST+INTERNATIONAL TOURISM BUSSNESS PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT+

/ Туризм / Виды туризма

30-01-2010 14:58Классификация туризма

Туризм (франц. tourisme, от tour — прогулка, поездка), путешествие (поездка, поход) в свободное время, один из видов активного отдыха. Распространен в большинстве стран мира. Осуществляется, как правило, туристскими организациями по туристским маршрутам. Существуют многочисленные виды и формы туризма.

Главные цели туризма: развлекательные, рекреационные и познавательные. Вторыми по значимости являются цели лечебные и оздоровительные, далее следуют профессионально-деловые, гостевые и пр.

По перемещению относительно пределов одной страны выделяют международный туризм и внутренний туризм.

Иностранный туризм – путешествия в другую страну, не связанные с оплачиваемой деятельностью внутри страны пребывания. Международный туризм подразделяется на две категории – въездной (въезд на территорию страны туристов, не являющихся ее гражданами) и выездной (выезд граждан данной страны за рубеж с туристическими целями).

Внутренний туризм – путешествия внутри одного государства, не связанные с оплачиваемой деятельностью в месте пребывания.

В зависимости от интенсивности туристских потоков выделяют постоянный и сезонный туризм. По способу организации: индивидуальный, групповой, организованный и дикий (или неорганизованный, самодеятельный).

По цели путешествия туризм классифицируется на множество видов, список которых постоянно обновляется. Самыми популярными на сегодняшний день являются: пешеходный туризм, экологический туризм, велосипедный туризм, спортивный туризм, водный туризм, рекреационный туризм, свадебный туризм, паломнический туризм, научный туризм, гастрономические туры, шоп-туры, этнический туризм, горный туризм, лыжный туризм, морской туризм, конный туризм, инвалидный туризм, музейный туризм, оздоровительный туризм, деловой туризм, познавательный туризм, приключенческий туризм, молодежный туризм, круиз, аграрный туризм, спалеотуризм, культурный туризм, образовательный туризм и др.

Познавательный туризм – путешествия с целью расширения кругозора; один из самых распространенных видов туризма. Для него характерны как индивидуальные поездки, так и групповые.

Приключенческий туризм - вид туризма, связанный с организацией нестандартных туров в экзотические и экологически чистые природные резервации, с необычными нетрадиционными транспортными средствами. К приключенческому туризму относятся походные экспедиции, сафари-туры (охота, рыбалка, фотоохота и др.), кругосветное плавание (яхтинг).

Аграрный туризм – кратковременное проживание в сельской местности, на фермах с полным погружением в сельское хозяйство

Научный туризм - туризм с целью посещения конгрессов, симпозиумов, научных семинаров и т.п., в программу которых включены экскурсионные поездки.

Образовательный туризм - туристская поездка, в которой турист совмещает отдых с обучением.

Бизнес-туризм – поездки внутри страны или за ее пределы, связанные с бизнесом, в том числе участие в выставках, конференциях, форумах и т.д.

Культурный туризм - вид международного туристского путешествия, связанный со знакомством туристов с национальными культурами, обычаями, традициями в стране пребывания.

Экотуризм - сочетание путешествия с экологически чутким отношением к природе, предполагающее участие туристов в природоохранных мероприятиях. Основным ресурсом экотуризма выступают охраняемые природные территории.

Музейный туризм - разновидность туризма, специфика которого заключается в использовании туристского потенциала музеев и прилегающих к ним территорий.

Спелеотуризм – путешествие с целью изучения или осмотра пещер.

Горный туризм - походы, предусматривающие прохождение маршрутов пешком по горной местности, преодоление перевалов выше 3000-3500 м; прохождение скальных участков, крутых склонов, ледников, горных рек.

Круиз - турпоездка с использованием того или иного транспортного средства не только для перемещения, но и для временного проживания, питания и обслуживания. Расписание круизов позволяет спланировать индивидуальную поездку.

Гастрономический туризм - туры для гурманов и любителей вкусной еды. Многие туристские регионы привлекают путешественников изысканной кулинарией или винами.

Шоп-туры – путешествия с целью шоппинга.

Свадебный туризм - вид туризма, рассчитанный на молодоженов.

Паломнический туризм - разновидность религиозного туризма, совершаемого верующими людьми разных конфессий по святым местам.

Этнический (ностальгический, гостевой) туризм – вид туризма, связанный с посещением родственников, родителей или мест исторического проживания.

Оздоровительный туризм (морелечение, грязелечение, климатотерапия) – посещение курортов, здравниц, лечебниц в оздоровительных целях. Как правило, для оздоровительного туризма характерны индивидуальные путешествия либо путешествия небольшими группами.

Рекреационный туризм - вид массового туризма с целью лечения и отдыха, восстановления и развития физических, психических и эмоциональных сил.

Пешеходный туризм - разновидность туристского путешествия, которое осуществляется пешком. Маршруты пешеходных походов чаще прокладываются на равнине или в предгорьях, невысоких горах, практически в любых районах.

Спортивный туризм - вид туризма, в котором основным мотивом совершения поездки является желание заняться спортом, которым он не в состоянии заниматься по месту жительству: яхтинг, горные лыжи, велопробег и др.

Велосипедный туризм - популярный вид активного отдыха, имеющий множество разновидностей.

Конный туризм осуществляется в виде конных маршрутов, проходящих по заповедникам или национальным паркам. Конный туризм пользуется популярностью у любителей экологического туризма, поскольку позволяет туристам побывать в отдаленных от транспортных путей местах, с первозданной природой.

Лыжный туризм - разновидность спортивного туризма, предусматривающая прохождение маршрута на лыжах по равнинам и предгорьям.

Водный туризм - вид туризма, при котором отдых осуществляется на воде с использованием байдарок, лодок, катамаранов, теплоходов и других плавательных средств.

Морской туризм - водные путешествия, совершающиеся на регулярных морских пассажирских или специальных круизных линиях.

Детский туризм - организованное путешествие группы детей школьного возраста (от 7 до 17 лет) в сопровождении руководителя.

Молодежный туризм - конкретный вид туристской деятельности юношества и подростков, реализуемый как в рамках национальных границ, так и на региональном и мировом уровнях.

Инвалидный туризм - вид рекреационного туризма, рассчитанного на людей с ограниченными физическими возможностями.

Самодеятельный туризм - путешествия с использованием активных способов передвижения, организуемые туристами самостоятельно, без привлечения туристского сбытового аппарата. При этом оплата туристских услуг обычно производится по мере пользования ими. / Tourism / types of tourism

30-01-2010 14:58Классификация tourism

Tourism (Franz. tourisme, from tour-walk, trip), travel (trip, hike) in your free time, one of the activities. Distributed in most countries of the world. It is carried out, as a rule, by tourist organizations on tourist routes. There are numerous types and forms of tourism.

The main objectives of tourism: entertainment, recreational and educational. The second most important goals are medical and health, followed by professional and business, guest, etc.

International tourism and domestic tourism are distinguished by moving relative to the limits of one country.

Foreign tourism-travel to another country not related to paid activities within the host country. International tourism is divided into two categories – entry (entry into the country of tourists who are not its citizens) and exit (departure of citizens of the country abroad for tourist purposes).

Domestic travel – travel within a single state, not connected with a remunerated activity in a place of stay.

Depending on the intensity of tourist flows there are permanent and seasonal tourism. According to the method of organization: individual, group, organized and wild (or unorganized, Amateur).

According to the purpose of travel tourism is classified into many types, the list of which is constantly updated. The most popular are: Hiking, eco-tourism, Cycling tourism, sports tourism, water tourism, recreational tourism, wedding tourism, pilgrimage tourism, scientific tourism, gastronomic tours, shopping tours, ethnic tourism, mountain tourism, ski tourism, sea tourism, horse riding, wheelchair tourism, Museum tourism, health tourism, business tourism, educational tourism, adventure tourism, youth tourism, cruise, agrarian tourism, speleotourism, cultural tourism, educational tourism etc.

Educational tourism-travel to expand horizons; one of the most common types of tourism. It is characterized by both individual and group trips.

Adventure tourism is a type of tourism associated with the organization of non-standard tours to exotic and environmentally friendly natural reserves, with unusual non-traditional vehicles. Adventure tourism includes Hiking expeditions, Safari tours (hunting, fishing, photo hunting, etc.), circumnavigation (yachting).

Agricultural tourism-short-term living in rural areas, on farms with full immersion in agriculture

Scientific tourism-tourism for the purpose of visiting congresses, symposia, scientific seminars, etc., the program of which includes excursions.

Educational tourism-a tourist trip in which the tourist combines leisure with training.

Business tourism-travel within or outside the country related to business, including participation in exhibitions, conferences, forums, etc.

Cultural tourism is a type of international tourist travel associated with acquaintance of tourists with national cultures, customs, traditions in the host country.

Ecotourism-a combination of travel with an environmentally sensitive attitude to nature, involving the participation of tourists in environmental activities. The main resource of ecotourism are protected natural areas.

Museum tourism is a kind of tourism, the specificity of which is to use the tourist potential of museums and adjacent territories.

Caving – travel to study or visit the caves.

Mountain tourism - Hiking, providing for the passage of the routes on foot through mountainous terrain, overcoming passes above 3000-3500 m, passing rocky areas, steep slopes, glaciers, mountain rivers.

Cruise-a tourist trip with the use of a vehicle not only for travel, but also for temporary accommodation, food and service. The schedule of cruises allows you to plan an individual trip.

Gastronomic tourism - tours for gourmets and lovers of delicious food. Many tourism regions attract travelers gourmet cooking or wine.

Shopping tours-travel for the purpose of shopping.

Wedding tourism is a type of tourism designed for newlyweds.

Pilgrimage tourism is a kind of religious tourism made by believers of different confessions in Holy places.

Ethnic (nostalgic, guest) tourism is a type of tourism associated with visiting relatives, parents or places of historical residence.

Health tourism (sea-treatment, mud treatment, climate therapy) – visit to resorts, health resorts, sanatoriums for health purposes. As a rule, health tourism is characterized by individual travel or travel in small groups.

Recreational tourism is a type of mass tourism for the purpose of treatment and recreation, recovery and development of physical, mental and emotional forces.

Hiking - a kind of tourist travel, which is carried out on foot. Hiking trails are often laid on the plain or in the foothills, low mountains, in almost all areas.

Sports tourism-a type of tourism in which the main motive of the trip is the desire to engage in sports, which he is not able to engage in the place of residence: yachting, skiing, bike ride, etc.

Cycling tourism is a popular form of active recreation, which has many varieties.

Equestrian tourism is carried out in the form of horse riding routes through nature reserves or national parks. Equestrian tourism is popular among fans of ecological tourism, as it allows tourists to visit places remote from transport routes, with pristine nature.

Ski tourism-a kind of sports tourism, which involves the passage of a ski route on the plains and foothills.

Water tourism - a type of tourism in which the rest is carried out on the water using kayaks, boats, catamarans, ships and other swimming facilities.

Marine tourism - water travel, whether on regular or special passenger cruise lines.

Children's tourism-organized travel of a group of school-age children (from 7 to 17 years) accompanied by a leader.

Youth tourism is a specific type of tourism activity of young people and adolescents, implemented both within national borders and at the regional and global levels.

Disabled tourism is a type of recreational tourism designed for people with disabilities.

Amateur tourism-travel with the use of active means of transportation, organized by tourists on their own, without the involvement of tourist sales apparatus. At the same time, payment for tourist services is usually made as they are used.

международный туризм сущ law

закон

law

сущ.

[lɔː]

закон

право

законодательство

(

act

right

legislation

)

законность

(

legality

law

юридический

правовой

legal

иностранный туризм

международный туризм сущ

international tourism

государственная регистрация сущ

state registration, official registration, government registration

(государственный учет, официальная регистрация)

организация сущ ж

organization, institution, entity, agency, organisation

(структура, учреждение, предприятие, организованность)

body

(тело)

arrangement

(механизм)

company

(компания)

organize, organise, arrange

(проведение)

organizational

foundation

(фонд)

society

(общество)

federation

ORGANIZATIONS

организация сущ

учреждение · заведение

ассоциация · группа · общество · корпорация · союз · альянс · община · федерация

агентство · ведомство

структура · строение · концентрация

создание · подготовка · формирование · постановка · образование · строительство · налаживание · построение

координация · координирование · слаженность

порядок · режим

оон · фао · юнидо

ORGANIZATIONS

organization of NUS

institution · institution

Association * group · society · Corporation · Union · Alliance · community · Federation

Agency · Agency

structure * structure · concentration

creation · training · development · production · education · construction · building · construction

coordination · coordination · coherence

order · mode

UN * FAO * UNIDO

индивидуальный предприниматель сущ

individual entrepreneur, individual businessman, private entrepreneur, sole proprietor, sole trader, private businessman

(частный предприниматель, единоличный торговец)

independent entrepreneur

(независимый предприниматель)

sole proprietorship

(индивидуальное предприятие)

тур сущ м

tour, trip, touring

(экскурсия, поездка, турне)

round, lap

(раунд, круг)

aurochs

гостиница сущ ж

hotel, Inn, guesthouse, hostel

(отель, постоялый двор, пансион)

house

(дом)

pub

(трактир)

hospice

(хоспис)HOTEL

гостиница сущ

отель · мотель

пансионат · пансион

ресторан · постоялый двор · трактир · корчма · харчевня · кабак · подворье · ресторация

номер · номера

HOTEL

the hotel is mere

hotel * Motel

pension · pension

restaurant * Inn · Inn · tavern · tavern · tavern · pub * farmstead · restaurant

number · numbers

авиаперелет сущ м

air flight

air travel

(воздушное путешествие) 5 STARS HOTEL GROUP

группа сущ

команда · коллектив · отряд · ансамбль · авиагруппа · опергруппа · тургруппа · киногруппа

организация · объединение · ассоциация · корпорация · община · содружество · фпг · племя

круг · ряд · число · множество

состав · структура

категория · подгруппа · класс · тип · вид · разряд · страта · порядок

фракция · коалиция

кучка · плеяда · связка · пучок

блок · ячейка · комплект

GROUP

entity group

team · staff · squad · the group · the group · the group · the tour · film group

organization · Association · Association · Corporation · community · Commonwealth · FPG · tribe

circle * row · number · set

composition · structure

category · sub-group · class · type · type · category · strata · order

faction * coalition

a bunch of · galaxy · bundle · bundle

unit * cell · set

самостоятельно нареч

independently, on its own, individually, separately, singly

(независимо, по себе, индивидуально, отдельно, в одиночку)

alone

their own, your own, its own, his own

on their own, on your own, for themselves, on his own

(по своему усмотрению, для себя)

manually

(вручную)

autonomously

(автономно)

by oneself

absolutely

(абсолютно)

самостоятельный прил

independent, separate

(независимый, отдельный)

Autonomous, standalone

(независимый, отдельный)

alone

(в одиночку)

itself

(непосредственный)

distinct

(различный)

solo

(сольный)

substantive

(основной) PROGECT MENEDGMENT+DEVELOPMENT+BRUDER SISTERS DEAR KIDS TURBUSSNESS+ PROGECT MENEDGMENT DEVELOPMENT+TOP LINE+Which city is the most popular international tourist destination? Surprisingly, it’s not Paris, London or New York.

According to 2012 data from Euromonitor International, the number one tourist destination in the world was Hong Kong with 23.7 million visitors.

Singapore and Bangkok were ranked numbers 2 and 3 respectively, showing just how much Asian tourism has grown in recent years. London, at number 4, was the top ranked non-Asian city with 15.5 million international visitors and New York City, at number 8, was the most visited city in the Americas with 11.6 million tourists.

When looking at countries as a whole, the map at the top of the page is revealing. At first glance it shows just how few African countries made the list. Another interesting finding is that while London is the 4th most visited city, it’s the only UK city to make the list. Moreover, while many European countries have top 100 cities (Switzerland being a notable exception) none has more than Italy’s 4.

But that’s nothing compared to the big 3 who dominate the list:

India has 6 cities on the list: Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, Kolkata.

The United States has 8: New York City, Las Vegas, Miami, Los Angeles, Orlando, San Francisco, Honolulu, Washington D.C.

And, China has whopping 9 cities: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Zhuhai, Suzhou, Guilin, Nanjing.

Plus, this doesn’t include Hong Kong (#1) and Macau (#5), which ae both Special Administrative Regions of the People’s Republic of China.

Below are the complete rankings. Please note if you click on a city you’ll be taken to HotelsCombined where you can compare the cost of local hotels:

Search:

Rank City Country Tourists (Millions)

1 Hong Kong Hong Kong 23.7

2 Singapore Singapore 21.3

3 Bangkok Thailand 15.8

4 London UK 15.5

5 Macau Macau 13.4

6 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 13.3

7 Shenzhen China 12.1

8 New York City USA 11.6

9 Antalya Turkey 10.3

10 Paris France 9.8

11 Istanbul Turkey 8.8

12 Rome Italy 8.7

13 Dubai UAE 8

14 Guangzhou China 7.9

15 Phuket Thailand 7.2

16 Mecca Saudi Arabia 6.9

17 Pattaya Thailand 6.6

18 Taipei City Taiwan 6.6

19 Prague Czech Republic 6.5

20 Shanghai China 6.5

21 Las Vegas USA 6.3

22 Miami USA 6

23 Barcelona Spain 5.5

24 Moscow Russia 5

25 Beijing China 5

26 Los Angeles USA 5

27 Budapest Hungary 4.8

28 Vienna Austria 4.3

29 Amsterdam Netherlands 4.3

30 Sofia Bulgaria 4.1

31 Madrid Spain 4.1

32 Orlando USA 4.1

33 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 3.9

34 Lima Peru 3.8

35 Berlin Germany 3.8

36 Tokyo Japan 3.7

37 Warsaw Poland 3.7

38 Chennai India 3.5

39 Cairo Egypt 3.5

40 Nairobi Kenya 3.4

41 Hangzhou China 3.4

42 Milan Italy 3.3

43 San Francisco USA 3.2

44 Buenos Aires Argentina 3.2

45 Venice Italy 3.2

46 Mexico City Mexico 3.1

47 Dublin Ireland 3.1

48 Seoul South Korea 3

49 Mugla Turkey 3

50 Mumbai India 3

51 Denpasar Indonesia 3

52 Delhi India 2.9

53 Toronto Canada 2.8

54 Zhuhai China 2.7

55 St Petersburg Russia 2.7

56 Burgas Bulgaria 2.7

57 Sydney Australia 2.7

58 Djerba Tunisia 2.6

59 Munich Germany 2.6

60 Johannesburg South Africa 2.6

61 Cancun Mexico 2.6

62 Edirne Turkey 2.6

63 Suzhou China 2.5

64 Bucharest Romania 2.4

65 Punta Cana Dominican Republic 2.4

66 Agra India 2.4

67 Jaipur India 2.3

68 Brussels Belgium 2.3

69 Nice France 2.2

70 Chiang Mai Thailand 2.2

71 Sharm el-Sheikh Egypt 2.2

72 Lisbon Portugal 2.2

73 East Province Saudi Arabia 2.2

74 Marrakech Morocco 2.1

75 Jakarta Indonesia 2.1

76 Manama Bahrain 2

77 Hanoi Vietnam 2

78 Honolulu USA 2

79 Manila Philippines 2

80 Guilin China 2

81 Auckland New Zealand 2

82 Siem Reap Cambodia 1.9

83 Sousse Tunisia 1.9

84 Amman Jordan 1.9

85 Vancouver Canada 1.9

86 Abu Dhabi UAE 1.9

87 Kiev Ukraine 1.9

88 Doha Qatar 1.9

89 Florence Italy 1.8

90 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1.8

91 Melbourne Australia 1.8

92 Washington D.C. USA 1.7

93 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 1.7

94 Christchurch New Zealand 1.7

95 Frankfurt Germany 1.7

96 Baku Azerbaijan 1.7

97 Sao Paulo Brazil 1.7

98 Harare Zimbabwe 1.7

99 Kolkata India 1.6

100 Nanjing China 1.6

The data all comes from this Euromonitor International report. I’d strongly encourage you to read it if you’re curious about their methodology and other interesting findings.

If you’d like to learn about the growth of international tourism, have a look at the following books:

Overbooked: The Exploding Business of Travel and Tourism

Rick Steves Travel as a Political Act

1,000 Places to See Before You Die, the second edition: Completely Revised and Updated with Over 200 New Entries

(зубр)

stage

(этап)

турист сущ

путешественник · посетитель · путник · интурист

турист сущ м

tourist, visitor

(туристический, посетитель)

travellerbrit, traveler, backpacker, hiker

(путешественник, рюкзак)

camper

(отдыхающий)

sightseer, tripper

(экскурсант) LAW LIDER BUSSNESS ORGANIZATOR TO DEVELOPMENT POLITIC IDEOLOGY+MASS MEDIA LORD GOSPEL JESUS CHRIST+SOBOR SIONE JERUSALEM GOLD CRISTAL SITI+252 CONTRY+DEVELOPMENT PROGECT MENEDGMENT+

турфирма сущ ж

tour agency, travel agency, tourist agency, travel company, tour company, tourist company

(туристическое агентство, туристическая компания)

agency

(агентство)

tourist firm

(туристическая фирма)

отдыхать гл

rest, repose

(отдохнуть)

relax, have a rest

(расслабиться, отдохнуть)

vacation, holiday

recreate

(восстановить)

высокий уровень сущ

повышенный уровень · высший уровень

высокий темп · высокий процент · высокий курс · высокий тариф

прибыль сущ ж

profit, income, gain, earnings, benefit

(доход, выгода)

return

(возвращение)

margin

(маржа)

profitable

(доходный)

spoil

(добыча)

riser

PROFIT

прибыль сущ

доход · выручка · маржа · профит · заработок · сверхприбыль · поступления · выигрыш

выгода · польза · нажива · получаемая прибыль

прирост · увеличение · приток · приращение · подъем · прибавление · возрастание · умножение

туриндустрия сущ

индустрия

гид сущ м

guide, tour guide

(руководство, экскурсовод)

туриндустрия сущ ж

travel industry, tourist industry

(туристическая индустрия)

высокий уровень сущ

high level, high rate, high standard, high degree

(высокая степень, высокий темп, высокий стандарт)

higher level

туроператор сущ м

tour operator, travel agency, travel operator, tourist operator

(туристический оператор, туристическое агентство)

(архиерей, понтифик) doctor, doc, physician construction construction · construction · building · furnishing · construction · buildings · new build · device

creating · building · development · education · development · deployment · development · base

manufacturing · productionthe organization · establishing

PROFIT

прибыль сущ

доход · выручка · маржа · профит · заработок · сверхприбыль · поступления · выигрыш

выгода · польза · нажива · получаемая прибыль

прирост · увеличение · приток · приращение · подъем · прибавление · возрастание · умножение

PROFIT

profit of NUS

revenue * revenue · margin · profit · earnings · super profits · revenues · winnings

benefit · benefit · profit · profit

increase · increase · attract · increment · rise · gain · increase · multiplication

продажа билетов сущ

ticket sale, sale of tickets CRIPTO CLOSED BLOCHAIN NATIONE-666 ZNAC ANTICHRISTA-CLOSED COMPANY

(врач, док)Drdoctorate(докторская степень) строительство сущ ср

construction, building(сооружение, здание) build (построение) engineering (машиностроение)

(государственный экзамен)школьник сущ мschoolchild, schoolboy, pupil, school child

(учащийся, ученик, ребенок школьного возраста)student(студент)

school student, school pupil, high school student Faculti Law Economic bussiness Oxfordshi University Moscow state University Lomonosov Harvard University, Harvard Cambridge University, Cambridge, University of Cambridge , school kid bishop, pontiff Сleric polit 2217

предприниматель сущ м hotel project megalopolis, megapolis, megacitysanative

(лечебный)health океан · вода · водохранилище · каспий

гора · множество · куча · большое количество · огромное количество · поток · масса · гра много обилие · изобилиебездна · пропасть · тьма

стая · рой · полчище сила · армия мор сущ

чума · эпидемия · моровая язва · болезнь · поветрие · падеж · эпизоотия

смерть · гибель бедствие · несчастье море сущ срsea, ocean (океан) wate (вода) tide

(прилив) flood (наводнение) blue (синий) deep (глубина)

мор сущ м pestilence, plague (моровая язва, чума murrain (падеж) mor mpas mpw

Мор сущ м Mohr natural(природный)organic

(органический)real(реальный)naturally(медицинский) clean, neat(чистенький, аккуратный)net(нетто)pure, pristine(чистейший, нетронутый)clear(ясный)blank(пустой)fresh(свежий)sheer,absolute(прозрачный, абсолютный)cleanly(чисто)mere(простой)solid(твердый)innocent

(невинный)chaste(целомудренный)fair(справедливый)white

(белый)immaculatecrystal(кристаллический)native(родной)unwrittenrecreation, recreational

(рекреационный)improving(улучшающий)health-improvingsanitary(санитарный) tropical(жаркий)tropicrehabilitation(реабилитационный)

health-improvement(город)metropolis, metropolitan, metropolitan area

(метрополис, метрополитен, столичный регион)

cosmopolitan city(космополитический город) hotel

(гостиница) boarding hous(пансион)holiday hotel, resort hotel(курортный отель)guest house, holiday house

(гостевой дом, дом отдыха)pension(пенсия)board(доска)guesthouse, hostel(гостиница, хостел)

boarding, boarding house

(пансионат)entrepreneur, emplyer, owner, business owner Autonomous, standalone

(независимый, отдельный)(антрепренер, работодатель, владелец, владелец бизнеса)profit, income, gain, earnings, benefit for, in development religion politcs Cleric mission Jesus Christ (доход, выгода)

(архиерей, понтифик)(учащийся школы, ученик школы,... biancamaria · enterprise · entrepreneurship · business · company · production · business man · operation

Commerce · trade · tourism nvestment(инвестирование) beginning, start, starting, launch

(начиная, старт, начальный, запуск)firstcommencement(возбуждение)

outset(начальный этап)onset(наступление)principle(принцип)outbreak(вспышка)inception(зарождение)early(первый)origin, derivation(происхождение)top(верхний)initiation(посвящение)opening(открытие)rise(подъем)starter

предпринимательство сущ ср business, entrepreneurship, enterprise (бизнес, предприимчивость, предприяти enterprising, entrepreneurial (предприимчивость) business undertaking

турбизнес сущ мTourbusiness tourist industry, tourist business (туристическая индустрия, туристический бизнес tour business

idea · undertaking бизнес сущ м business, bi (деловой) businessman (бизнесмен)отдых сущ м rest, rela (расслабление)

recreation, leisure, recreational act (досуг, рекреационная деятельность) construction, building(сооружение, здание)build(построение)profits

profits

profit of NUS

revenue * revenue · margin · profit · earnings · super profits · revenues · winnings

benefit · benefit · profit · profit

increase · increase · attract · increment · rise · gain · increase · multiplication

GL to arrive

to come · to come · to come · to come · to come · to come · to come · to descend

to get · to achieve

increase · increase

vacation, holiday, getaway (каникулы, праздник, бегство) relaxation, relaxing (релаксация) repose (покой comfort (комфорт) refreshment (напиток) nooningNew Zealand Singapore Denmark Hong Kong Korea Norway UK US Sweden 10 MacedoniaTaiwan Estonia Finland Latvia Australia Georgia Germany Ireland Austria IcelandLithuania Canada Malaysia Poland Portugal UAE Czech Republic Netherlands France SloveniaAustralia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Akrotiri

Albania

Algeria

American Samoa

Anguilla

Angola

Andorra

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Aruba

Afghanistan

Bahamas

Bangladesh

Barbados

Bahrain

Belize

Belarus

Belgium

Benin

Bermuda

Bulgaria

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

British Indian ocean territory

British virgin Islands

Brunei

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Bhutan

Vanuatu

The Vatican

Hungary

Venezuela

Virgin Islands

East Timor

Vietnam

Gabon

Haiti

Guyana

Gambia

Ghana

Guadeloupe

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Germany

Guernsey

Gibraltar

Honduras

Hong Kong

Grenada

Greenland

Greec

Georgia

GUAM

Denmark

Dhekelia

Democratic Republic Of The Congo

Jersey

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Egypt

Zambia

Western Sahara

Zimbabwe

And

Israel

India

Indonesia

Jordan

Iraq

Iran

Ireland

Iceland

Spain

Italy

Yemen

Guinea-Bissau

Kazakhstan

Cayman Islands

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Qatar

Kenya

Cyprus

Kyrgyzstan

Kiribati

China

Cocos Islands

Colombia

Comoros

Kosovo

Costa Rica

Côte d'ivoire

Cuba

Kuwait

Curacao

Laos

Latvia

Lesotho

Liberia

Lebanon

Libya

Lithuania

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Mauritius

Mauritania

Madagascar

Mayotte

Macau

Macedonia

Malawi

Malaysia

Mali

The Maldives

Malta

Morocco

Martinique

Marshall Islands

Mexico

Micronesia

Mozambique

Moldova

Monaco

Mongolia

Montseratt

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Niger

Nigeria

Netherlands Antilles

Netherlands

Nicaragua

Niue

New Zealand

New Caledonia

Norway

United Arab Emirates

Oman

Bouvet Island

Clipperton Island

The Isle Of Man

Navassa Island

Norfolk Island

Christmas Island

Saint Helena, ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Wake Island

The heard island and MacDonald island

Of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Coral sea Islands

Cook Islands

Pitcairn Islands

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Puerto Rico

Republic Of The Congo

Reunion

Russia

Rwanda

Romania

With

Samoa

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia

Swaziland

North Korea

Northern Mariana Islands

Seychelles

Saint Barthelemy

Saint-Martin

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Senegal

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Serbia

Singapore

Sint Maarten

Syria

Slovakia

Slovenia

United States Of America

Solomon Islands

Somalia

Sudan

Suriname

Sierra Leone

Tajikistan

Thailand

Taiwan

Tanzania

Turks and Caicos Islands

That

Tokelau

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tuvalu

Tunisia

Turkmenistan

Turkey

Have

Uganda

Uzbekistan

Ukraine

Wallis and Futuna

Uruguay

Faroe Islands

Fiji

Philippines

Finland

Falkland Islands

France

French Guiana

French Polynesia

French Southern and Antarctic lands

Croatia

Central African Republic

Chad

Montenegro

Czech Republic

Chile

Switzerland

Sweden

Svalbard

Sri Lanka

Ecuador

Equatorial Guinea

El Salvaor

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

South Africa

South Georgia and the South sandwich Islands

South Korea

South Sudan

Jamaica

Jan Mayen

Japan

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